Pythagoras Approach To Dualism

Pythagoras Approach To Dualism Dualism was early approached by Pythagoras in 6th Century B.C.E. Pythagoras believe on transmigration of soul-means that when a person died, the soul is immortal and bound to divide soul. However, Pythagorass theory is not likely famous during that time. Later, Plato shows the disjunctive between mind and body. Plato thinks that body is like a prison used to trap mind/soul. After death, the body decomposes because it was made of material while soul/mind is immortal. This shows that body and mind is two separated things. Dualism that famously used nowadays came from the famous philosopher and mathematician, Rene Descartes. It is also known as the beginning of modern philosophy. Rene introduced two main subjects for dualism which are substance and property. In order to understand dualism, several argument were rised.One particular argument is dualistic interactionism which known as common sense. Descartes stated the point of interaction is something connected mind/soul to body is at pineal gland of brain.However,the soul is not likely trap at pineal gland, it only act as point of interaction. Mind is real but it is different from brain. The brain is the major locus for the mind or consciousness of the soul, yet mind or consciousness is distributed throughout the whole body. But the function of pineal gland as point of interaction has been proved as wrong by scientifically method. Pineal gland function to secrete serotonin derivative melatonin(hormone use to modulate sleep and wake patterns and seasonal function).There are no evidence to associate mind/soul to body by using pineal gland. This is making interactionism as a weak argument to defend dualism. Another argument is mind is the immortal soul. Many religions like Islam and Christian teach that soul is different from our body. When we died ,the soul is immortal and will go to heaven or hell. This argument is similar to Platos approach. Thats why platonic dualism is well accepted in Christian .The third argument is ,if dualism is false, we can reduce mind/mental states to physical matter or vice versa, or to neutral third substance.However,it was impossible to change your mental states to matter. For example if we feel anger towards someone, can you made your feeling into concrete object? Of course not. Thats why this argument is commonly used to convince people about dualism.However,this argument can be critics for the lackness of imagination. In imagination we think about something then we made it into some physical things. The last argument is mental states(mind) and physical(body)have different and irreconcilable properties. First point for this judgment is mental states cannot be publically observable. For example ,I fall from stairs and hurt my head. We can see the effect of fall because the bump in my head but you cannot feel the pain I suffered. Thats why mental states are private unlike physical things such as fireworks and cannot be publically observable. Next is mental states is not spatially located .Many experiment been conducted but scientist still cannot proved where mind located ,either inside or outside of the brain. Pretending that you are feeling happy. Does you feel happy in your head or the happiness is spread throughout your body?so,where exactly your mind? Third point is mental states does not have properties as physical. As example our body has mass and can do physical motion. We cannot weigh a thought and we cannot measure how far our feeling can go. Some people stated that they h ave depthless of feeling but, how can they measure the depthness?Fourth,mental states have subjective properties(Qualia)that physical do not have. Qualia is raw feels .It is a subjective or qualitative properties of our experience. It is like how to know what is red color and what is red colour . We also need this Qualia to differentiate musical notes heard from piano or violin .Therefore, is impossible to reduced Qualia into physical properties.So there are at least four major differences between the mental and the physical, and the reason why we cannot reduce the mental to the physical. This is a good argument to show dualism as evidence of mind/body problem. In this philosophy of mind, dualism is different kinds of mental events and physical events in a set of beginning of belief in which they were claimed. Instead of that, the dualist in the philosophy of mind had identified the big difference between mind and matter. They all disagree that the mind and brain are same. While others deny that the mind is the only one product of the brain. The concept of this dualism is that our mind is more than our brain. It can contain everything in our surrounding. This concept tells us that our mind has a non-material which is spiritual dimension that includes consciousness and possibly motivated to explore surrounding. In order to understand this concept, we have to consider ourselves first as a container which is including our physical body and physical brain together with a separate non-physical mind, spirit, soul, motivation and so on. The mind, spirit, or soul is considered the conscious part that manifests itself through the brain. In a similar way where the picture and sound waves manifest themselves through a television set. These waves of picture and sound are also known as no -material just like the mind, spirit, or soul. There are many types of dualism that are compared based on the way mind and matters are thought to each other together with its own functionality. Thus, this dualism can be divided into two which is substance and property dualist. Substance dualists typically argue that there are difference matters in our mind and body where the mind is a thinking thing is less exposed to the physical of an object. The physical objects are including size, shape, location, volume, speed and direction in movement and so on. However, substance dualists fall into several groups depending on how they think the connection of mind and body are related. For instances, interactionists believe that minds and bodies can affect to each other. Occasionalists and parallelists, generally motivated by a curiosity concern of physical science. But this is denied because all apparent interaction to God is ultimately attributing.Epiphenomenalists offer a compromise theory, asserting that bodily events can have mental events as effects at the same time denying that the reverse is true. This can be done by our thought experience without following the science law. The occasionalism and parallelism are another two types of substance dualist. These th eories are largely preserved or are taken from the original of history. The occasionalist mentioned that there are no interaction between mind and body mind. For example, we put our hand above the hot kettle then the hot and uncomfortable sensation occurs. Malebranche, an occassionalists assert that the sensation is caused by God where God create appropriate experiences and feeling by using the occasion of environmental happenings. Furthermore, according to the parallelist, our mental and physical histories are coordinated so that mental events appear to cause physical events (and vice versa) by feature of their temporal joining, but there are no interaction between mind and body than two clocks that are synchronized so that the one chimes when hands of the other point out the new hour. Since this series of harmonies impossible is due to mere accident, so it is advanced in explanation of religion. In creation God does not appeared continuously, just like the occasionalist had mentioned, but it create a pre-established harmony which is we programmed ourselves that maximally removes the need for future impact. Next, another dualism is property dualism which is that mental states are misshape attributes of brain states and it holds that non-physical properties of physical substances are mental phenomena. Consciousness is the most widely known as a sample of a physical substance which is non-physical. However, other dualists hold that mental states, characteristic and episodes are brain states, even the states cannot be conceptualized in exactly the same way without loss of meaning. According to epiphenomenalism, mental events can build bodily events or processes, but bodily events or processes cannot caused by mental phenomena (McLaughlin, p. 277) whether an epiphenomenalist thinks these mental epiphenomena are the body properties or properties of a non-physical mental storage determines whether property or substance dualist is the epiphenomenalist. They are many psychology principles that had been discuss today. For example, functionalism, dualism, mongolism. All this principle had their own explanations and their own believe about the life and the things that related to life. But, for my group opinion, the most suitable and the nearest principle that can get along with life. Human body actually had two things, which is body and mind. These two things react with each other simultaneously to create the most complicated and perfect things, that is life to run smoothly. Dualism can be prove to be nearly correct because it has implications that related to life after death issues. This is because, after we die, we will going to had our life after death, and many religions in this world was practicing the same things. After we die, our soul will separated from our body, and will live the life after the death. So, the life after death is based on judgment on how we operate or run our life before. Besides that, nobody in this world can retain or can resist death. Everybody will die, and nobody had the immortal. So, this prove that dualism concept was the most or nearly precise principle that can be related to life. Apart from that, human rationality in the terms of thinking was also an implication that can be used to prove that dualism principle was true. Physical forces was something that play an importance role in peoples thought judgment. If there is no soul, instead, there is only had body, they will be no believe or not believe for something that is not real-abstract. For example, the galaxy had seven layers, and god is actually exist . On the other hand, if our body had only self-refuting left, there will be no room for rational beliefs. British study had published that there is evidence that consciousness continues after a persons brain stopped. The most shocking prove was that actually death support the dualism . The brain still run the function of lucid thought with formation and reasoning of memory. Besides, there are also patience that admit that they had gain information that they had never knew it before. Brain was also being proved that had no place where electric stimulation can cause a person to believe or decide. This was proved by doing interviewed to sixty three heart attack victims who were declared death. Roger Sperry and his team had studied difference between right and left hemisphere of the brain, and they had found that mind had causal power independent of the brain activities. This is why, materialism was concluded to be false by Sperry. Actually, thought had two components, which is mind and brain. This can be said to be true because thoughts can be true or false, however, brain states itself cannot be true or false. So, how on earth can we think in our everyday life about right or wrong? This can be the obvious prove to prove that dualism was the most precise principle exist-yet. Besides that, by measuring brain waves, nobody can tell we what we are thinking. Instead, we must been ask about what had been thinking first, then everybody will knows. That is why the dualism principle was chosen to be most or nearest precise principle that can be adapt to our life as it had two component that work and react simultaneously to complete the cycle that we called life and it was also true to be said that life or mind body actually had two component, that is body and soul.

Debt versus Equity Financing Paper Essay

In the accounting industry, financing remains an important concept, as many organizations are reliant on them for financial stability and longevity. Although there are a plethora of financing options and types to choose from, the focus of the work will revolve around debt and equity financing. These two commonly used forms of financing are important as they are both unique in how they are utilized. The author of this piece will address these two financing options while providing examples of each and addressing which capital structure is most advantageous. Debt Financing Debt financing is the process of borrowing money from a lender such as a bank. These financings option comes in the forms of loans both secure and unsecured. â€Å"Security involves a form of collateral as an assurance the loan will be repaid. If the debtor defaults on the loan, that collateral is  forfeited to satisfy payment of the debt† (Entrepreneur, 2014, p. 1). In most cases a lender will ask for some time of security on a loan and least often times will lend based on name recognition or status. One of the most common sources of debt financing is seen within startup businesses where debt financing is often provided by friends and family instead of commercial lending institutions. â€Å"When borrowing money from relatives or friends, have your attorney draw up legal papers dictating the terms of the loan, as formalized documentation† (Entrepreneur, 2014, p.1). Another form of debt financing that is most common occurs with credit cards through a credit line. Credit cards are used to provide a way to businesses to get several thousands of dollars quickly without going through the hassles of getting approved for a loan and filling out vast amount of paperwork (Entrepreneur, 2014). Though this method is very popular it is important to take note that the interest can collect if not monitored as this debt can add up quickly. Equity Financing Unlike debt financing, equity financing involves raising capital through selling shares within the business. â€Å"Equity financing essentially refers to the sales of an ownership interest to raise funds for business purposes† (Investopedia, 2013, p. 1). This form of financing does not just include selling common equity but it also consists of selling preferred stock, convertible preferred stock, and warrants. When a startup company gains success it will attain equity as it evolves. Since startups attract a vast amount of investors at different stages of the company’s evolution cycle, different forms of equity are used for the business’s financial needs. Convertible stock is comprised out as a loan, which the company is obligated to repay and if company meets the specified benchmark in terms of performance, the unpaid balance of that loan is then converted into an equity stake in the business (Merritt, 2013). Companies can also attain capital by selling shares to investors. â€Å"This allows a company to give up a piece of itself as a way to raise money to finance growth. Small, privately  held companies sell shares to private investors, who then hold equity within the company† (Merritt, 2013, p. 1). This is one of the quickest way for obtain capital to finance growth for a business, especially if it goes public. Conclusion Though both of these methods of financing are beneficial for a business to grow and obtain capital it is important to acknowledge which of these forms are most advantageous. In terms of raising mass amounts of money for growth and business operations, it would be most advantageous to utilize equity financing within the business as this provides are way for the business to attain large sums of money by selling shares. It is important to note that keeping account of the number shares is important as the business needs to ensure it maintains the majority of 51% of more to negate hostile takeover from competitors and other businesses. At times one financing on either forefront can seem to have more advantages then the next it is important the a business tries to utilize both in order to maintain balance and control of the business for optimal success. References Entrepreneur. (2014). Debt Financing. Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/debt-financing Investopedia. (2013). Equity Financing. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/equityfinancing.asp Merritt, C. (2013). What Are Examples of Equity Financing? Retrieved from http://budgeting.thenest.com/examples-equity-financing-23831.html

Essay on Descartes Ideas on the Existence of God

Through out history there have been questions of where we come from and how we got here. It all comes down to the question of God’s existence. God’s existence has never been questioned during the times of when Christianity, Judaism and Islam were born. The question of God’s existence comes from our new way of thinking after these religions. Science has made us think of how things work in our world and brings Gods existence into question. There were no scientific studies done during the days of Jesus to prove that God exists, so where did the people in history get this idea of God from? Many philosophers have been questioning and giving their ideas of God and his existence. The ideas that we may have of God is usually connected with†¦show more content†¦What he means is that since we cannot grasp the idea of something that is infinite, should be enough reason to believe that there is something else like God existing. God in known for knowing all things and creating the earth and everything else we know of. Which means that we did not create ourselves and don’t have the power to which gives us a reason to know that God is the creator even though we don’t see him. There are many attributes about God and one would be perfection. There is nothing wrong with God and he is the only thing that is perfect. Descartes mentions that there is nothing more perfect than God, or even as perfect, and that nothing can be thought of or imagined to be. Just because we cannot physically see God, it does not mean God does not exist for he is in our thoughts, which means there is existence. Descartes also says that it is more to exist than to not exist. If God does not exist then how does he have properties connecting him with existing? Therefore he must exist. We may think of many different ideas that we have never seen, like Descartes example of a winged horse. Though we have never seen one, we can still have a thought or idea of on e, which means that we can have an idea of something even though we don’t physically know they are real. OurShow MoreRelatedDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1712 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) contains six Meditations. In the first two of these Descartes addresses doubt and certainty. By the end of the second Meditation Descartes establishes the possibility of certainty by concluding that he is a â€Å"thinking thing† and that this is beyond doubt. Having established the possibility of certainty, Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God. The argument he presents in the Third Meditation for the existence of God has been nicknamed theRead MoreEssay about A Very Brief History on the Existence of God 1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. 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I will then take issue with Descartes’s argument first with his view on formal reality and varying levels of reality, then with his argument that only God can cause the idea of God. I will then conclude with Descartes argues that some ideas are more real than others. These ideas are those that represent substances

Bio Frq - 1509 Words

Liuyi Bian P2 1. The physical structure of a protein often reflects and affects its function. (a) Describe THREE types of chemical bonds/interactions found in proteins. For each type, describe its role in determining protein structure. Different types of bonds/interactions in proteins lead to different kinds of structures. Three of the most commonly known chemical bonds in proteins include the hydrogen bond, the covalent bond, and the ionic bond. In hydrogen bonds, hydrogen interacts with oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine to form either the alpha helix, or the beta sheet, which in turn determines its secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure. Another type of bonds, the covalent bond, links amino acids together by sharing electrons;†¦show more content†¦However, when it gets to about 15 meters, a decrease in net productivity is evident due to a decrease in light, causing a decrease in rate of photosynthesis. Then, at when water is about 20 meters deep, photosynthetic rate equals the respiration rate, meaning no net primary productivity can be seen. Lastly, at places d eeper than 40 meters, photosynthetic rate falls under 0, meaning photosynthesis occur less than respiration. (d) Describe how the relationship between net primary productivity and depth would be expected to differ if new data were collected in mid-summer from the same pond. Explain your prediction. Due to excess of amount of sunlight during summer time, the overall net primary productivity would increase, meaning the rate of photosynthesis would increase because sunlight could provide more nutrient to organisms at deeper site of the water. 3. Regulation is an important aspect of all biological processes. For FOUR of the following processes, describe the specific role of the regulator and discuss how the process will be altered if the regulation is disrupted. In a cell cycle, there are specific checkpoints between each phases caused by the occurrence of cyclin. Cyclin determines how concentration flunctuatues. If the regulation is disrupted by a decreasein cyclin, there would be no mitosis, meaning the cell cycle would continuously go thre G0 phase. However, if there is an increaseShow MoreRelatedThe Problem of Decline in Bee Population Essay3954 Words   |  16 Pages An example of the Wide Area Bee Sampling is shown in Table 1 below. Table 1.HYPERLINK http://www.plosone.org/article/slideshow.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013181imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013181.t001 [-0]Frequency (Frq) of occurrence and mean peptide counts of viral pathogens and Nosema in honey bee colonies sampled in 2006, 2007, and 2008. From the results in Table 1 shown above, IIV and the nosemas have been found in higher frequencies compared to the other pathogens