Is Divorce Bad for Children

Jasmine Grayson October 7, 2010 American Literature Is Divorce Always Bad For Children? To some, divorce may be a terrible thing for a child to have to endure. In some scenarios it is just better if the parents are separated. There is no better way to approach this subject than to talk from personal experience. I’ll explain how it feels to be a child in the middle of a divorce. My mother and father were together for seventeen years and they just recently decided to get a divorce. Under the circumstances I don’t feel bad they there are now separated.Growing up the only thoughts I had of my dad were either him being abusive or of him yelling. Another memory of my dad is the fact he cheated on my mom multiple times not making him seem any better. Due to the fact my father struggled with his health my mother forgave him for it all. To begin, as stated by PBS, when children are in an abusive home they are more susceptible to either being abusive or being abused and feeling t hat there is no way out. If the parents in an abusive relationship separate then the child(ren) are given a site of love.They are able to see how a family is supposed to react and communicate. They are able to see what real love looks and feels like. If parents in an abusive relation stay together their children will only know violence. They will only know sadness and when it’s time for them to marry they’ll divorce because they’ll think that’s how it’s supposed to go. Consider this, a child has one parent that understands and the other is strict. The child naturally gravitates to the understanding parent because they know the understanding parent is more responsive.When you have a strict parent who doesn’t understand, it usually leads to a child divorcing the parent before the spouse will. When a child divorces its parent the child doesn’t listen or respect their parent. In my case the divorce wasn’t bad at all. Growing up my mother basically did everything for me. Since me and my father never really talked we never had a strong relationship. When my parents decided to get divorce it was paradise for me. Living with my father is like walking on pins and needles barefoot. My dad only yelled and told me and my brother what to do.If you didn’t do something the exact way he wanted it then you had to re-do it all. Dealing with him was like biting into a plastic bottle because you knew he would never break. I was a ticking bomb waiting to explode and one day I did. One night I’d been so fed up I let out all my anger I’d bottled up for the past fifteen years. It felt like I’d exhaled a breath and my chest wasn’t clouded anymore. A few weeks after the argument my mom announced the news of the divorce. Ever since my dad moved out, I’ve been happier than ever.Now I don’t have to worry about coming to home to someone yelling. Had my parents stayed together I don†™t think I would’ve started back doing the things I like; singing, dancing, and playing the piano. If parents continue to stay together for the sack of their kids they’ll make themselves unhappy. Some parents will be shocked to realize that their child wanted the divorce longer than they did. While the other parents will face their children who want them to stay together. It all depends on the children and what they’ve been through.

Culture And Second Language Learning Essay

Through the conduction of studies, it has been discovered that learning a second language, particularly in a situation where second language learning is given particular importance, requires an immersion into the lingua and cultural societies of the native speakers of the second language that is to be learned (Wan 44-45). This requirement is extremely important to be followed as the immersion on the societal components of the second language of the native speakers helps the learner to obtain more hands-on learning benefits when trying to acquire second language abilities (Wan 45). Literature Review Although numerous language specialists do conclude that culture and social groups exercise great influence on the acquisition of second language abilities, these specialists are still bound to not realize that the components that involve this situation are interconnected and are not distinct entities from each other (Wan 46). It is crucial to understand that learning a second language involves factors that cannot exist without the existence of other factors (Wan 47). Most recently, it has become a trend to become immersed in the culture of the native speakers of the second language through the use of the internet (Wan 47). Numerous second language learners browse the web in order to get immersed into the native speakers’ culture (Wan 47). Numerous second language learners can definitely learn through the utilization of this method as the web has got a lot of information from around the world to offer to the browsers (Wan 47). Methodology And Data Analysis Result of the surveys participated in by English language learner students: 3 1. Methodology: They have had difficulty forming friendships due to language barriers. Data Analysis: A little over 65 % of these people have had trouble forming friendships with English native speakers in the United States due to language differences. It is often uncomfortable to form a friendship with people whom you often encounter difficulty in conversing with. An interesting conversation turns sour when you have difficulty conversing with someone. The people who face this difficulty with English native speakers often become lonely while living in the United States if they are not able to find friends that share the same language as them. 2. Methodology: They have had difficulty achieving their academic goals than they would have if their instruction at school were conducted in their native language. Data Analysis: Although non-native speakers of English who are proficient in English are the only non-English speaker foreign students who are admitted for formal academic studies at schools in America, English proficient non-native English speakers also still encounter difficulty in their academic studies than they would have if the instruction was conducted in their own language. This is such the case as the mentioned students still are not used to the English language. These students most usually converse with their circle of influence in their native language, hence, this situation causes them to become awkward in utilizing the English language in their academic studies as well. The most objective advice that can be recommended from this situation is for the students to use the English language often even when conversing with non-native English speakers who form their circle of influence. Or, it would be better if these students would be able to find native English speaker friends who would be willing to practice conversing with 4 them in English on a regular basis. It would also be helpful for these students to practice sharpening their English language writing skills through regularly utilizing writing drills. 3. Methodology: Language barriers often make the students feel a longing to go home to their country. Data Analysis: Numerous students who experience difficulty learning English in the United States are usually not able to adjust to their social environment in the country. As a result they often feel that they are social outcasts and feel that they don’t belong in the community. Because of this situation that they may get into, they may become inclined to go back to their home country. 4. Methodology: Language barriers may have the tendency to make the students inculcate a lower self-esteem. Data Analysis: The students feel that they are not smart enough as they are not able to efficiently learn a second language. This dampens their spirits of good self-esteem. 5. Methodology: These students become the targets of discrimination pranks in the United States. Data Analysis: Numerous of these students become the victims of prank jokes just because of their limited English language abilities. They are seen as vulnerable group of people as they create a self-image of being dumb or â€Å"not smart enough† due to their limited English language abilities. 6. Methodology: These students become too dependent on an English proficient relative, family member or friend while in the United States. Data Analysis: This becomes the situation as the students may not even be able to convey simple information to strangers (e. g. , giving orders at a restaurant) due to their limited 5 English language abilities. The mentioned family member, relative or friend may eventually feel that these students are becoming a burden on them as time goes on. 7. Methodology: Numerous students are reluctant to learn English as a second language because they feel that learning it would cause them to somehow exhibit disloyalty to their own language and culture. Data Analysis: It now a common trend that people do somehow paint a picture on other people as being â€Å"colonially influenced† if they try to learn a second language. This causes these second language learners to become self-conscious when trying to learn a second language. If these people become too self-conscious to learn a second language, they may also give up the pursuance of a goal to move to another country and other goals that come with it. 8. Numerous people abandon their culture altogether and adapt the culture of the native speakers of the second language that they are learning. Learning a second language ultimately also causes one to get immersed in the culture in which that language belongs. Therefore, there are times that the culture of the learners gets totally abandoned as these learners try to learn a second language. This situation is sometimes viewed negatively by others. Results Learning a second language definitely has its ups and downs. The learners would just have to weigh in whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages as a basis in making their decision to learn a second language. However, we can definitely see that as long as the teaching of the second language is executed properly, numerous students are able to learn the language efficiently and utilize their second language fluency in worthwhile activities and 6 and professions. Discussions Three questions need to be answered in order for specialists to improve second language teaching and learning (Conference Probes Second Language 1). These questions are the following (Conference Probes Second Language 1): 1. What are the strategies on research that need to be executed in the implementation of second language education in America (Conference Probes Second Language 1)? 2. What are the strategies on research on the execution of second language education in the United States that need to be improvised (Conference Probes Second Language 1)? 3. What are these research strategies that are deemed to be effective (Conference Probes Second Language 1)? Reading, writing and speaking fluency of a second language does not come automatically if one has acquired extensive knowledge on the language usage (Swiderski 4). A culture’s main foundation is the official language that comes with it (Swiderski 6). When one first learns a language, he/she automatically first learns its corresponding culture (Swiderski 6). A language mirrors its corresponding culture (Swiderski 6). However, the language and the culture are not exactly similar in every ways (Swiderski 6). Because when learning a language one learns all about its usage, its interconnected component, culture, is also being learned during the process of learning the language (Swiderski 6). Therefore, language and culture are still 7 Regarded as separate entities (Swiderski 6). We can really see that a language tells about what kind of culture it evolves in (Swiderski 13). For example, a classroom where an English language learning class is held comprises of styles and settings that tells about the culture of the country where the school that houses the classroom is located (Swiderski 13). Significant differences in the way that the English language is used among the native and non-native speakers of English are considerably noticeable (Lucas 59). However, there are some questions that arise from this conclusion (Lucas 73). These questions are the following (Lucas 73): 1. Do the students make requests to their professors directly or indirectly (Lucas 73)? 2. Is politeness evident in the way that the students make the requests (Lucas 73)? Conclusions Charles Hutchison, Lan Quach and Greg Wiggan wrote in their article entitled, â€Å"The Interface of Global Migrations, Local English Language Learning And Identity Transmutations Of The Immigrant Academician,† English language instructors who experience teaching students belonging to different cultures, experience the following culture shock situations: 1. Problems in differences in teaching and learning. 2. Problems in differences in curriculum and assessment. In the article entitled, â€Å"The Interface Of Global Migrations, Local English Language Learning And Identity Transmutations Of The Immigrant 8 Academician,† using the social-constructivist (and cognition) theories as references, instructors of English language classes experience changes in the way they view language through the following ways: 1. They may be forced to conform to the students and their circle of influences’ viewpoints and theories. 2. They may experience communication barriers. Furthermore, the authors state in the article that the English language instructors come to realize who they really are and their vocation objectives due to the following reasons: 1. They shape what types of people their students become and their students’ self-esteem. 2. They struggle in helping their students realize their own identity as a minority in the United States. 9 Works Cited Hutchison, Charles, Quach, Lan & Wiggan, Greg. â€Å"The Interface of Global Migrations, Local English Language Learning And Identity Transmutations Of The Immigrant Academician. † Forum On Public Policy: A Journal Of The Oxford Round Table (2006). Lucas, Sigrun. â€Å"Students Writing Emails To Faculty: An Examination Of E-Politeness Among Native And Non-Native Speakers Of English. † Language, Learning & Technology 11 (2007): 59, 73. Swiderski, Richard M. Teaching Language, Learning, Culture. Westport: Bergin & Garvey, 1993. Wan, Shun. â€Å"Second Language Socialization In A Bilingual Chat Room: Global And Local Considerations. † Language, Learning & Technology 8 (2004): 44-47. â€Å"Conference Probes Second Language Research Needs. † Reading Today August 2001.

Business Ethics

Business Ethics Essay Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee might suffer if they do not follow through with their assignment. After the bogus testing was completed in the National Semiconductor labs, the documentation department also had to falsify documents stating that the parts had surpassed the governmental testing standards. From a legal and ethical standpoint, both the testers and the writers of the reports were merely acting as agents on direct orders from a superior. This was also the case when the plant in Singapore refused to falsify the documents and were later falsified by the employees at the have California plant before being submitted to the approval committees (Velazquez, 53). The writers of the reports were well aware of the situation yet they acted in this manner on the instruction of a supervisor. Acting in an ethical manner becomes a secondary priority in this type of environment. As stated by Alan Reder, . . . if they the employees feel they will suffer retribution, if they report a problem, they arent too likely to open their mouths. (113). The workers knew that if the reports were not falsified they would come under questioning and perhaps their employment would go into jeopardy. Although working under these conditions does not fully excuse an employees from moral fault, it does start the divulging process for determining the order of the chain of command of superiors and it helps to narrow down the person or department that issued the original request for the unethical acts. The third mitigating factor is one that perhaps encompasses the majority of the employees in the National Semiconductor case. We have to balance the direct involvement that each employee had with the defective parts. Thus, it has to be made clear that many of the employees did not have a direct duty with the testing departments or with the parts that eventually failed. Even employees, or sub-contractors, that were directly involved with the production were not aware of the incompetence on the part of the testing department. READ: Comparison Of The Piano Lesson And Sonnys Blues Essay For example, the electrical engineer that designed the defective computer chip could act in good faith that it would be tested to ensure that it did indeed meet the required government endurance tests. Also, for the employees that handled the part after the testing process, .

Maturity models and quality managment Assignment

Maturity models and quality managment - Assignment Example Deming and Juran picked up the trail after World War II, and blessed the Japanese industry with statistical quality control and quality improvement processes. In America, the quality revolution began only in 1980, and Deming finally became known in his home country, though his techniques were used mostly for manufacturing. By the end of the 1980’s, quality efforts were embedded in services, and by the 1990’s in health care, government, and education (Evans, 2008, p. 10-14). Thus, quality became an indispensible aspect of management practices, and quality became customer-driven, pursued to meet or exceed customers’ needs (Evans, 2008, p. 6-7). Total Quality Management was born. It is said that quality remained in the limelight from the 1980’s-1990’s due to interest in Six Sigma (Evans, 2008, p. 8). In the mid-1980’s Bill Smith, a reliability engineer at Motorola, sold the concept to Motorola’s CEO, Robert Galvin. GE is the recognized be nchmark for Six Sigma implementation (Evans, 2008, p. 94).

Globalization is Dependent on Technological Advancement Essay

Globalization is Dependent on Technological Advancement - Essay Example This essay discusses that  a close examination of any of this will quickly reveal that the technological developments in the aforementioned fields have been responsible for their relevance in the creation and direction of the global village. The world is still as vast and winding today as it was 100 years ago, however, thanks to globalization it has come to resemble what is now normally referred to as a global village. Information, people and goods, can be moved from one end of the world to another in hours minutes or even seconds depending on the means one is using. Globalization can be defined as a dynamic process connecting; people, towns, cities and nations more closely than they have been in the past.From the essay it is clear that  the overall result of globalization is the intertwining of diverse individuals the world has virtually shrunk since people can travel and immigrate due to development in the transportation industry in the form of fast planes cars trains and jets, as a result, and more than ever before cities are becoming increasingly cosmopolitan with the ease of migration. However, the reason globalization is an ongoing process has much to do with the changes affecting the factors that determine how fast or if it can occur at all. Paramount among this is the aspect of technological development.  Technology has advanced in a lengthy process from the archaic Stone Age stone and micro lithic tools to today’s cutting edge technology with complex and automated device never envisioned before. However, humanity is still far from harnessing the full potential of the technology and with each hour that passes more technology is developed, invented, or upgraded. These range from mobile telephony and Skype where people are put within earshot or/and sight of each other notwithstanding continental distances (Chestnut, n.d.), to transport where one can travel from Asia to Australia in a matter of hours while the same journey in the past would ha ve taken weeks if not months. As a matter of facts, Australia’s rapidly expanding it industry is evoking widespread attention from Asian technology business that is interested in taking advantage of her markets and resources (Ganapathy, 2010). The combination between these two concepts is almost solely responsible for mankind’s ability to exist in a figuratively smaller world, bearing in mind that, without technological advancement, the term globalization would never have had meaning nor required invention (Mercy corps, 2006). The geographical separation of Australia from the rest of the world has seen it bearing tags such as the land down under, and more unflattering one as the country everybody know where it is but nobody ever goes to visit. However, with the growth of the transportation industry, Australia is no less accessible for instance, to a New Yorker than Canada assuming that they both fly there. This is because developments in the

Owens Corning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Owens Corning - Essay Example This meant the company had to develop new IS capabilities and also to plan for a strong IS human resources management. It was also found that when the staffs were getting trained in SAP their requirements outside was very attractive and people were moving out of the company. At the planned implementation time, the first release was done - October 1995. Second and third releases identified training as a major lacuna during the implementation phase which cost them quite some time and efforts. Not just teaching the computers and PC operation but also processes that are being adopted in the company. Release 4 was the SAP R/3 roll out at the Roof and Asphalt plants a total of 140 units where this was to be switched on by Mar 1997. This was to be followed closely by the other units of insulation and composites of North America. But then there were lots of issues relating to bugs in SAP, attrition among people and a swift implementation of switching it all on at the same time. From our analysis we find that the issue is one of staged implementation and now they need to take a measure of putting unit after unit in order and lessons learnt in one place could go on to help the rest. A plan to put all these in a phased manner needs to be worked out and implemented with the same vigor when it was started in 1994. Owens Corning was swiftly growing with its new acquisitions and there was an ongoing incorpor

How to Cope with the Problematic Situation Essay

How to Cope with the Problematic Situation - Essay Example The common feature of any social group or any size is that its members differ in the degree of their influence, and â€Å"†¦ the person who exerts the most influence on the rest of the group thus affecting group beliefs and behavior is usually addressed as the leader† (Hollander 1985, p. 14). However, while this definition of leadership highlights the essence of leadership, it is only one of the numerous of definitions that have been proposed in the literature: the second edition of The Handbook of Leadership by Bass lists more than 130 definitions of this phenomenon and 13 major approaches (Bass, 1990, p. 12). Availability of such versatile data significantly facilitates analysis of problems related to leadership because in many cases the existing approaches and definitions are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary. The present report is an attempt to analyze a situation that provides valuable insights into the essential aspects of leadership and is directly li nked to the effectiveness of managerial work. The story of Ted Willis who has been hired as the new supervisor suggests he is likely to face the classic type of leadership problem: the new leader vs. the old leader. One should not get misled by the fact that Ted is the new supervisor and the old supervisor has been fired. The so-called ‘workers of influence’ theory of leadership is particularly important to understand the distinction between managers and leaders. The key idea of this theory is that leadership may be exhibited by anyone in the organization in any type of position (Yukl 1989). According to this theory, leaders may operate at different levels within the organization and within the same hierarchical level as their followers. Such perception of leadership conflicts the traditional theories which treat it as a set of attributes and behaviors exhibited by persons with legitimate.

Introdution to Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introdution to Psychology - Essay Example It is essential to have a clear idea about these five main approaches (also called perspectives) in psychology in order to comprehend the vast and vital role of this scientific study in human life and the different areas of life and work. Significantly, an approach may be comprehended as a perspective or view that involves certain assumptions or beliefs about human behaviour and it is essential to comprehend the various methods of these approaches. In a close understanding of these approaches to psychology, it becomes evident that that every approach incorporates several different theories within it which share various common assumptions. "Most psychologists would agree that no one approach is correct, although in the past, in the early days of psychology, the behaviourist would have said their approach was the only truly scientific one. Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses, and brings something different to our understanding of human behaviour. For this reasons, it is impo rtant that psychology does have different approaches to the understanding and study of human and animal behaviour." (Approaches to Psychology). ... Significantly, the physiological approach to psychology assumes that biology is the underlying aspect of human behaviour and it has reductionist and deterministic functions. The reductionist approach is concerned with the explanations at a more basic level, whereas the deterministic approach assumes that behaviour is directly determined by biology. The physiological and biochemical changes in human beings come under the subjects of study in the physiological approach to psychology and it is a productive as well as popular approach to psychology. The physiological approach to psychology is productive in the sense that it has provided explanations in a range of areas of psychology, such as the mental health, individual differences, and social behaviour, and has given therapeutic interventions in psychology including drug treatments for depression. As a popular approach to psychology, it has caught the public imagination and the genetic theories of this approach offer a handy framework for understanding ourselves. The behaviourist approach to psychology is an important approach which rejects the investigation of internal mental processes, emphasises the examination of observable behaviour as well as the importance of the environment. According to this approach, behaviour can be comprehended as the result of learned associations between stimuli and responses to these stimuli and the main theories include the classical conditioning theory of Pavlov and the Operant conditioning theory of Skinner. "Behaviourism is concerned with how environmental factors (called stimuli) affect observable behaviour (called the response). The behaviourist approach proposes two main processes whereby people learn

Industrial and Organizational Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial and Organizational Psychology - Essay Example I/O, therefore, serving as a guide tool to ensuring better performance of individual and a better running organization, covers major aspects of organizational management such as human resource management. The human capital serves as the primary factor that contributes to the over-all efficiency of the organization. I/O tools are used in personnel selection, motivation, and further development. It also helps in improving relationships between teams, and within individual workers. McCarthy (2002) outlined the brief historical flow of the growth of I/O Psychology. His accounts started with Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first psychology laboratory in 1879. It served as a precursor to the recognition of I/O psychology although other issues related to I/O had long been raised before Wundt's. During the pre-WW1 era several key figures made contribution in the field of I/O psychology. Among which Frederick W. Taylor's, experimented in 1883 at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel plant led to the development of his Scientific Management philosophy in 1911. McCarthy (2002) also mentioned Hugo Munsterberg, as being considered as "the father of industrial psychology" who led the way to the application of psychological findings from laboratory experiments to practical matters. His book Psychology and Industrial Efficiency published in 1913 addressed personnel selection and equipment design. During World War I, Walter Dill Scott did some research on best placement of sol diers in Army. The Hawthorne Studies in 1924 led to the publication of the concept of Hawthorne Effect in 1939, which is highly contributory to industrial psychology. It states that the there is a change in behavior, such as increased attention, following the onset of a novel treatment and this effect eventually wears off as the novelty dissipates. From then to present several other studies more elaborative within the field of Industrial and Organizational psychology came out and other names emerged. Farr (2006) laid a comprehensive discussion on the birth of a formal institution that recognizes Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In his Presidential Address to the Society for Industrial & Organizational Psychology, Inc., at St. Louis on April 11, 1997, Farr reviewed how the society was born from its original mother organization, the APA.. Several members of APA with strong interests in the applicability of psychology, include James McKeen Cattell and the founder of the Journal of Applied Psychology, G. Stanley Hall; while Hugo Munsterberg was elected a member at the first meeting of the charter group. The first applications of psychology that might be labeled as industrial psychology occurred in the early 1900s; Walter Dill Scott in Chicago began work related to advertising, and published books related to this topic in 1903 and 1908. Munsterberg conducted research on the use of aptitude and work sample tests in personnel selection and later published Psychology and In

The Significance of Womens Organizations Group Activities in Essay

The Significance of Womens Organizations Group Activities in Relationship to Their Opposition to the War in Vietnam - Essay Example As well women worked in the war as journalists, flight attendants, and in various church and humanitarian organizations, and the significance of these activities in relationship to the women's opposition and reaction to the war in Vietnam is an issue which is of incredible importance. The aim of this paper is to not only discuss the different organizations and group activities that women were involved in during the Vietnam War but as well the significance of their participation with them overall considering how against the war most women actually were. By doing this, we will be able to come to a much more informed and knowledgeable understanding on the subject matter at hand overall. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The history of women and war is one which has basically been forgotten in comparison to that of man's, however it is important to realize that women have actually always played a part, and in fact, "Between 1962 and 1973, according to Department of Defense statistics, approximately 7,500 women served on active military duty in Vietnam. The Veteran's Administration puts the numbers even higher, at around 11,000. Independent surveys estimate that the number of women, both civilian and non-civilian, working in Vietnam during the war is between 33,000 and 55,000" (Carlson, 2007). However, despite these incredibly large and notable numbers of women in the military, they have had a long and hard road in regards to gaining even remote equality. One of the most notorious organizations that women worked for during the Vietnam War was the Red Cross Organization, and the Red Cross basically maintained three particular and different programs during the Vietnam conflict which were: Service to Military Hospitals (SMH), Service to Military Institutions (SMI), and Supplemental Recreation Activities Overseas (SRAO). "SMH provided recreational and casework services to service personnel who were hospitalized and casework services for service personnel who were employed in military hospitals. Women employed in SMI provided primarily clerical services with some individual assistance for obtaining loans if personnel had to return home for a family emergency. SMH and SMI functioned both in the United States and in foreign countries and both in peace and in war. The Red Cross program which was eventually entitled Supplemental Recreation Activities Overseas (SRAO) originated in World War II specifically to employ civilian women who wished t o make a contribution to the country during periods of war" (Firestone & Robinson, 1996). When it comes to the issue of the reaction that was felt by women towards the Vietnam War, there are many issues that need to be taken into consideration here as well. In comparison to the percentage of men against the Vietnam War, there were almost double the amount of women who felt negatively towards it, however at the same time the war presented many opportunities for women, and so while they still felt disapprovingly towards the war, there were still then obviously reasons that they also were rather positive towards it, as they were benefitting in different

Abigail Williams and How She Contributed to American History Essay Example for Free

Abigail Williams and How She Contributed to American History Essay Abigail Williams was a suspicious 11 or 12 year old girl who was the leading cause of the Salem Witch Trial hysteria. There is not much background information on her, but as far as history goes, Abigail was born 1680 and lived with her Uncle Samuel Parris’ family, who was the head Reverend of Salem, Massachusetts at the time. â€Å"Although it was ordinary practice for young girls to live with relatives to learn about housewifery, we know very little about Abigail, including where she was born and who her parents were. † (Yost, 2002) In an indirect way, Abigail has contributed to American history being that she was the main cause of the Salem Witch Trial accusations. The 6th amendment of the American Constitution was highly influenced by the Salem Witch Trials. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay With the 6th amendment, the accused are entitled to have a witness, an attorney for their defense, and will be heard before a jury in court. The Salem Witch Trials affected the way America viewed reliable evidence used in court cases because they stopped using spectral evidence. During the Witchcraft trials, the only evidence available was hear-say information from the girls who were â€Å"afflicted.† More than 45 innocent people were killed, because the court believed Abigail and the girls without looking into further detail about the spoken witches. Nowadays, the accused are able to have a witness with them as well as some one who will look into their case and use accurate evidence to prove their innocence until proven guilty.

Plea Bargain Essay Example for Free

Plea Bargain Essay â€Å"The plea bargain was a prosecutorial tool used only episodically before the 19th century† (Dirk Olin, 2002) Plea bargaining has assumed a significant role in the criminal jurisprudence of the United States. A majority of criminal cases in the United States are settled through plea bargaining rather than a conducted jury trial. This paper details some of the basic details relating to plea bargaining in the American criminal judicial system. Background A plea bargain usually implies a deal offered by a prosecutor as an incentive for the defendant to plead guilty. Plea bargaining thus can be construed as pre-trial negotiations between the accused and the prosecution during the process of which the accused agrees to plead guilty in exchange for certain concessions in the sentence or charges as offered by the prosecution. There is no specific or perfect definition of ‘plea bargain’ has so far been evolved. According to Black’s Law Dictionary plea bargaining is â€Å"the process whereby the accused and the prosecutor in a criminal case work out a mutually satisfactory disposition of the case subject to court approval. It usually involves the defendants pleading guilty to a lesser offense or to only one or some of the counts of a multi-count indictment in return for a lighter sentence than that possible for the graver charge† However, in practice plea bargaining is often considered as the mutual acknowledgement of the strengths and weaknesses of the both the defense and prosecution sides in the midst of the tedious process of the trial of the cases and the potential outcome of the trials rather than a mutually satisfied arrangement. Plea bargaining may be attempted at any time; usually it occurs on a pre-trial stage; but in some cases may be undertaken during the conduct of the trial before the verdict is rendered. There is a possibility that plea bargain may be negotiated after a trial has resulted in a ‘hung jury’. Under such circumstance the parties may negotiate a plea bargain instead of going through the process of another trial. In some common law jurisdictions like England and Wales, Victoria, Australia plea bargaining is undertaken to such an extent that the prosecutors and defense can mutually agree that the defendant will plead guilty to certain of the charges and the prosecution drops the rest of the charges. (Legal Pundits) However no bargaining can take place in respect of the penalties that can be levied and the courts proceed to decide the appropriate penalty in such cases. Types of Plea Bargains If in the judicial system every case is allowed to go to trial the courts would find it difficult to try and decide on all the cases. Plea bargaining allows the prosecutor an opportunity to obtain guilty pleas in cases which otherwise would go to the stage of trial by the courts concerned. There are two areas in which plea bargain negotiations can be undertaken. They are:  · Charge Bargaining – in the case of ‘charge bargaining’ the defendant is allowed to ‘plead guilty for a lesser charge’ by the prosecutor. Alternatively the defendant may plead guilty of only some of the charges that have been filed against him. This type of plea bargaining is the most common type. Usually the prosecutor in consideration for a plea of guilty to the committing of a lesser charge will dismiss the higher charge. For example in return accepting guilty plea for ‘manslaughter’ the charges of a first degree murder may be dismissed with the approval of the court. Similarly a defendant who has been charged with the crime of ‘burglary’ may be allowed to plead guilty of ‘attempted burglary’ where the sentence may be less.  · Sentence Bargaining – this involves the agreement for pleading guilty for the charges stated in consideration of a lighter sentence. Under this process the prosecution is saved of the time and efforts to go through the process of trial and proving the case. It also provides the defendant to opt for a lighter sentence which would otherwise have been stronger if a trial is conducted and verdict given. Typically all the sentence bargains are to obtain the approval of the trial judges. This type of plea bargaining is being limited by many of the jurisdictions. Sentence bargaining usually happens in some of the high profile cases where the case is being followed effectively by the media and the prosecutor does not want any reduction of charges in the case. In addition to the above there can be another area of plea bargaining known as ‘Fact Bargaining’ – which is the least used process of negotiation with the defendant for admitting certain of the facts of the case. The defendant is given the concession that the prosecution will not bring certain other facts in to evidence if some of the other facts are confirmed by the defendant. This process saves the efforts of the prosecutor the need to prove certain facts in the course of trial. Process of Plea Bargaining There are three essential components which form the basis for making the plea bargains valid. They are; (i) a waiver of rights to the knowledge of all involved, (ii) the waiver should be a voluntary one arrived at using a process of negotiation and (iii) the presence of a factual basis which can support the charges to which the defendant has chosen to plead guilty. Plea bargaining takes place through telephonic conversations or is being attempted at the office of the prosecutor in the court room. Normally the judges do not take part in the process of plea bargaining. But in rare circumstances a judge becomes a party to the plea bargain process. Once the process of bargaining is completed it is placed on record by judge in the open court. At the time of placing the plea bargain on record it is necessary that the defendant is present in the court. It must be noted that the prosecutor is not given the authority to compel a court to accept the plea bargain agreement entered in to by the parties. The prosecutor can only recommend the acceptance of any plea bargain and it is for the court to decide on accepting the plea bargain arrived at. The court will go through the process of satisfying itself through available proofs that the abovementioned three essential elements of plea bargain are present. Only on satisfying about the presence of these elements the court will accept the plea bargain arrangement as recommended by the prosecution. Plea bargaining cannot be considered as a simple process that can be attempted in any case. â€Å"In effectively negotiating a criminal plea arrangement, the attorney must have the technical knowledge of every element of a crime or charge, an understanding of the actual or potential evidence that exists or could be developed, a technical knowledge of lesser included offenses versus separate counts or crimes, and a reasonable understanding of sentencing guidelines† Merits and Demerits of Plea Bargaining Despite the often pointed out criticisms there are certain distinct merits the process of plea bargaining has. It is often the case that more than 90 percent of the criminal cases are decided on the basis of negotiated pleas. This leaves only a meager percentage of the criminal cases going through the process of judicial trial. It provides the judges considerable saving in time in conducting the trials as the judges already hold overcrowded dockets. Further the judges with a view to avoid overcrowding of the prisons are always in favor of negotiated plea bargains. They are receptive to the ‘processing out’ of the criminals who are not likely to get much longer jail terms at the end of the trial. Similarly for the prosecutors since there caseload becomes lighter they can efficiently discharge their functions. The other important aspect of plea bargain is that the process assures a sure ‘conviction’ even the charges accepted are lesser than the originally stated ones. In some of the cases the prosecutors are made to spend considerable time and efforts in defending cases which finally the cases are lost as happened in the case of murder trial of O.J. Simpson. Plea bargaining enable the prosecutors to use the process to obtain damaging testimony against another defendant in the case. This ensures that the prosecutor is sure of at least one conviction even if for a lesser charge and the chances of booking the second defendant also against the testimony of the first defendant obtained through plea bargain. For the defendants plea bargaining provides the opportunity to bargain for a lighter sentence on reduced charges. If the defendant is represented by a private counsel appointed by him the defendant would be able to save considerable costs on conducting the trial. This also provides the opportunity for getting a record of lesser criminal offenses against him. There are certain drawbacks of the plea bargaining process; when the police are involved in the process it may amount to coercion. When the court is involved in the process it may be considered as impartiality on the part of the court. Involving the victim in the process may involve corruption and the rejection of the guilty plea by the accused may result in more hardship to him. (Soura Subha Ghosh) US Supreme Court Cases According to Article III Section 2 (3) of the Constitution of the United States â€Å"The trial of all crimes, except in Cases of impeachment, shall be by Jury† However it has not been held that it is unconstitutional to go through a process of plea bargaining to avoid the judicial trials. On the contrary there are a number of court decisions at the highest levels which have taken up the issue of ‘plea bargaining’ for serious discussion and ruling. The constitutional validity of plea bargaining was addressed by the US Supreme Court only when the process has become an integral part of the criminal judiciary. (eNotes.com) In the case of United States v Jackson (1968) the Court had raised a question on the validity of plea bargaining to the extent that whether the process has burdened the right of the defendant to go through a process of jury trial. In this case the issue was the consideration of a statute that imposed a death penalty only after a jury trial. In this case in order to avoid the death penalty the defendant continued to waive the trials and was eager to negotiate for plea bargaining for a reduction in sentence.   In this case the judge noted that the statue had needlessly encouraged guilty pleas. In the case of Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 (1970) the Court had noted that the plea bargaining process had benefitted both the parties to the case and had thus defended the system. The Court made it known that the remark in the Jackson case was to stress the need for the guilty pleas to be intelligent and voluntary. In Santobello v New York, 404 U.S. 260 (1971) the Court observed that the plea bargaining is an essential component of the administration of justice and thus had justified the constitutional acceptability of the plea bargaining process. The Court added that [as long as it is] properly administered, [plea bargaining] is to be encouraged. North Carolina v Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970) can be cited as a landmark case relating to the sphere of plea bargaining. In this case Alford pleaded guilty to a second degree murder prior to trail in the wake of the fact that otherwise he would be sentenced to death penalty on a jury trial in the presence of strong evidences. He was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment. Later on he appealed that his plea bargain was involuntary and was motivated by the fear of death penalty. The appeal court allowed the appeal and reversed his conviction. His argument was on the basis of that the plea bargain violated the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution which states that no person shall be compelled in a criminal case to witness against himself. However the Supreme Court held that a guilty plea representing a voluntary and intelligent choice considering the alternatives available to the defendant cannot be construed that the defendant was compelled (in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the constitution) to follow the guilty plea to avoid the possibility of death penalty. The Supreme Court ordered for the reversal of the appeal court decision and reinstated the sentence of Alford. The term ‘Alford Plea’ thus has come into usage to signify those cases where the defendant tenders a guilty plea and later on denies that he has not committed any crime. There is an express prohibition of ‘Alford Plea’ in certain states and some of the States allow a limited use of the plea. Breaking the Plea Bargain Deal A plea bargain is regarded as a contract between the prosecutor and the defendant and as such both the parties are obligated to perform their parts of the contract without fail. The prosecutor has the authority to revoke the plea bargain if the defendant does not carry out his part of the contract. On the other hand if the prosecutor breaks a deal with the defendant then the defendant has the right to claim for setting aside the plea. Alternatively the defendant may require the court to intervene and instruct the prosecutor to carryout the plea bargain. â€Å"This may happen if the prosecutor has agreed not to authorize additional criminal charges against the defendant in return for the guilty plea, yet subsequently files the charges† (Aaron Larson, 2000)

What Is Tolerance And How It Affects Us Philosophy Essay

What Is Tolerance And How It Affects Us Philosophy Essay Tolerance can be simply stated as the ability to accept diversity and to live and let others live. It is the act of enduring practices that are not related to you or you dont approve of. A person having a high tolerance quotient would be able to practice a fair and objective behaviour towards those whose opinions differ from his opinions. By being tolerant, you are respecting and learning from others, valuing differences, bridging cultural gaps, rejecting unfair stereotypes, discovering common ground, and creating new bonds. Tolerance, in many ways, is the opposite of prejudice. Accept all kinds of behaviors, is this what tolerance means? Of course not. Behaviors that disrespect others, like being mean or bullying, or behaviors like lying or stealing, should not be tolerated. Tolerance means to treating others the way you would like to be treated. According to me, tolerance is essential to live a healthy life. We live in a world which is a potpourri of a rich blend of cultural traditions and this leads to the major differences among the people. Being an entity of this world, we are supposed to interact with people of differing cultures, ethnicities, nationalities, races and religions. Our circle of friends, schoolmates, college-mates, office colleagues and all people around us reflects the diversity around us. In short, success in todays world depends on being able to appreciate others work and being tolerant to the differences that co-exist. Various facets of Tolerance Spiritual tolerance In Srimad Bhagvad Gita, Krishna distinguished the self from the subtle mental/emotional body. In doing so he spoke of tolerance as follows: 2:14. O son of Kunti, happiness and distress are temporary experiences that arise from perception of the senses in conjunction with the mind. Heat, cold, pleasure, and pain come and go, and you, O descendent of Bharata, must learn to tolerate them. Tolerance is required no matter how one lives, and tolerance is, after all, a virtue. Yet the virtues of tolerating are certainly greater when based on living in the bigger picture of life described in the sacred literature. The world of the mind is a small world. What is good for one may be experienced as bad for another; ones happiness is anothers sadness. Ultimate reality is bigger than the mind, and this is what the sacred literature informs us about. The beginning of realizing and living in this bigger picture beyond the duality of sense perception is tolerance. Religious Tolerance Our country, India, is a melange of various people with different religions. For all of us to survive together peacefully, religious tolerance is of utmost importance. Why are we Indians secular? This question becomes more demanding for an answer when we feel the heat of communal conflagrations. Edward Luce in his book, In Spite of the Gods, describes the modern, medieval and ancient meet in a country that is slowly shrugging off its traditional religion and caste-based divides to become more liberal. Luce describes Indias complex tapestry of religion and caste and how it affects politics and development. Racial Tolerance In the book written by Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, he has discussed about the Tom Robinsons case. It was proved to everyone by Atticus in the courtroom that Tom Robinson was innocent. Even after being proved innocent, the jury announced him to be guilty because he was black. Everyone knew what they were doing was wrong but no one chose to raise his voice for him because they didnt want to change their prejudiced ways. In America, racial tolerance has become so important because of the humungous number of immigrants over there. That means that the economic future of the children of white Americans increasingly will depend on the talents of nonwhite Americans. If racial tolerance is not practiced over there, the U.S. will become a second-rate power. If they succeed in accepting the difference among the various races, America and all Americans will be enriched together. Age Tolerance Unscrupulous individualism, which seeks only ones own interests and leaves no room for solidarity, threatens the foundations of our community. Todays young generation, has the mentality of being much ahead of the older generations in all aspect. Because of it, there exists a lack of Age Intolerance in varied forms. Elderly people rarely report violence in the family and this result in a correspondingly high number of unrecorded cases. The spectrum of violence ranges from neglect and psychological ill-treatment, financial exploitation and restriction of freedom. The numerous number of old age homes, people being forced to take early retirements, age discrimination in respect of the holding of public offices etc. shows the grave lack of Age tolerance in our society. Gender Tolerance While there are non-physical differences between men and women, there is little agreement as to what those differences are. In the book Gender Inequality and Womens Empowerment written by Pramanik, Rathindra Nath Adhikary, Ashim, the author attempts to highlight the discrimination against women. In the urban areas, men do exhibit a high tolerance for women getting ahead of them in various arenas because of the respect that women have gained by all their achievements. But, in the urban areas, there exists high gender intolerance because of the inaccessibility of women to development facilities as well as their actual power positions in the society. Affect of tolerance on any Organization Tolerance is often learnt in subtle ways. Kids develop values by imitating the values of those they know the most. Parents can teach tolerance to their children and senior members of an organization can teach tolerance to their subordinates and vice versa by example. Talking to each other and respecting each other helps learn and teach about the values that each one of them has. Creating opportunities to play along with the usual official work is important as well. This lets everyone learn that everyone has something fruitful to contribute to each other. Tolerance is not about tolerating unacceptable behavior. Tolerance means to understand that everyone deserves to be respected and therefore should treat each other respectfully. Tolerance, being an independent variable can have major impact on the dependent variables like productivity, absenteeism, turnover, deviant workplace behavior, OCB and Job Satisfaction. In an organization, lack of tolerance in the behavior among the colleagues, the behavior of the senior management to their junior employees and vice versa might lead to an environment that is not conducive for working. This might lead to decrease in productivity, increase in absenteeism, increase in turnover, increase in deviant workplace behavior, lower OCB and least job satisfaction. When someone encourages a tolerant attitude, talks about their values, respects each other and treats others well, everyone else will follow in his footsteps. Literature Review Why the Nations Rage: Killing in the Name of God by Christopher Catherwood Religion is for the good for all, which is what everyone believes. But then, why in the name of religion do we see conflagrations all around. According to Christopher, it is religious nationalism. His argument is how people actually think of themselves, how they define themselves. Do they feel the environment in which they are staying is stable? When people feel their environment is economically and politically secure, their identity is also stable. Having a secure identity influences how a group deals with internal minorities and dissent. If a group thinks it is politically secure and therefore secure with their self-identity, it is easier to tolerate the existence of minorities with different identities and different allegiances. This led to the Muslim tolerance of Jews and Christians when Islam was predominant in the world, neither group was regarded as a threat, and because of that there was no reason for prejudice. Today, the status of religious minorities in the Middle East has changed drastically. When it comes to determining the causes for terrorism, then, neither religion nor nationalist self-identification can be ignored. It isnt just religion that has resulted in violence. It is not just questions of national pride, because not all nationalist conflicts have resulted in violence. Instead, the way in which the two interact, results in unhealthy jingoism, worse ethnic identification and extreme religions. Nationalism and ethnicity create an identity while religion provides a explanation for a peoples suffering, which leads to violent means for overcoming the humiliation and shame. If people understand this major working, they will be able to better understand the roots of terrorism caused by religion. Catherwoods book is a nice source for the basic understanding of the violent religion and the intolerance among the various sects. An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth Gandhiji was a person who believed in ahimsa, love and tolerance and left us all an understanding for the dignity every man. In his life, he was always in the search for truth. In the biography, My Experiments of the Truth, Gandhiji stressed his aim in life was to achieve truthfulness in thought, word and deed. Ahimsa, a form of tolerance, to him was the highest virtue. By non violence, Gandhi meant loving concern for all life. He believed that the search for truth could be possible only through tolerance and concern for others. He taught that to be non-violent required immense courage. He adopted Satyagraha based on principles of tolerance, courage, non-violence and truth. The book has revealed exceptional revelations of Gandhijis life, his beliefs, his experiences and his career. Gandhijis Autobiography gives a glimpse into the Indian culture and inspires us to live on path the towards Truth Non violence, through tolerance. ARTS-OF-LIVING: Ruut Veenhoven The paper on art of living written by Ruut Veenhoven describes the capabilities of leading a good life. And there exists different views to what a good life is, the difference in capabilities has been discussed. Ultimately, the writer comes close to the notion that to lead a good life, you need to have a positive mental health. The two views explained in the paper about the ways of living is the moralistic view and the hedonistic view. Other than that the aspect of Living up to the rules, Living up to an ideal, Living deliberately and Art of enjoying life have been described briefly. To cope up with the general problems in life, a person should be able to think of general capabilities like common sense, energy and some form of frustration tolerance. For the problem of living with rules, there are various aspects that need to be considered. When the rules are extreme, it is often described as the art of disciplining and it requires overcoming the imperfection of the flesh. This requires determination and pain tolerance. So Ruut Veenhoven in his writing has briefly touched upon how important tolerance is in transforming oneself to a better human-being and accepts a better art of living. ___________ Empirical study to analyze tolerance characteristics in different age group For the empirical study on the characteristic of tolerance that people exhibit, my approach has been to interview five set of people from different age group and different background. The first set consisting of children of the age of around 12 years, second group consisting of college going students of the age of around 20 years, third group consisting of working professionals in the age group of 25 30, fourth group consisting of housewives of the age above 30 and the final group consisting of people who are above the age of 50 and are well settled in their lives. The questions that I asked them tested their tolerance level. While asking the questions, I ensured that they were unaware of the fact that it is going to be used for this survey purpose. I interviewed around four to five people of each age group and I have listed down the general response for each specific age group below. Interview excerpts: Age group: 10 12 years, School going children. Q. How would you react if someone talks negative about you? Will you be able to tolerate it? Response: I will find him and hit him. Why should I tolerate someone talking like that about me? Q. How will you react if your younger sister/brother snatches your hair? Response: How dare she do that? I will snatch her hair too such that she never dares trying it again. Q. Would you like to have a fair girl-friend or a dark girl-friend? Response: Girls!! All are irritating. I dont want any girl friends. Q. Are you comfortable to study with your enemy in your class? Will you be able to do any task collaborating with your enemy? Response: Why should I even think of even doing anything with him? I wont talk to him. Q. How would you react if your best friend does not approve of one of your ideas? Response: Then he is not my best friend. I know, my best friend will approve of my idea. Age group: 18 20 years, College going teenagers. Q. How would you react if someone abuses you? Will you be able to tolerate it? Response: I will abuse him back twice and then ask him why he abused me. Why should I tolerate someone abusing me? Q. How will you react if your younger sister/brother snatches your hair? Response: I will hold her and block her from snatching my hair. Then will start playing with her/him. Q. Would you like to have a fair girl-friend or a dark girl-friend? Response: Obviously!!! I would like a fair girl friend, who looks like a film actress. Q. Will you be comfortable to work with your enemy for your project? Will you be able to do any task collaborating with your enemy? Response: No. I dont see a reason to work with my enemy. I have many other friends to work with. Q. How would you react if your best friend does not approve of one of your ideas? Response: Then I will prefer changing the topic and talk about something else. I will discuss my idea with someone who approve of my idea. Age group: 25+ years, Office Professionals. Q. How would you react if someone abuses you? Will you be able to tolerate it? Response: Why would someone abuse me? Even if he does, I would like to ignore him. Q. How will you react if your younger sister/brother takes out money from your purse without telling you? Response: She/he would have needed it genuinely, so it doesnt matter. But, I will definitely like to know for what purpose he/she has taken it. Q. Would you like to have a fair girl-friend or a dark girl-friend? Response: If given a option, I would like to have a fair girl-friend. Q. Will you be comfortable to work with your enemy for your project? Will you be able to do any task collaborating with your enemy? Response: That would depend on what kind of task it is. If it requires my enemies expertise, then I will collaborate with him and complete the task. Q. How would you react if your best friend does not approve of one of your ideas? Response: I will ask him what is the problem with my idea and if he has any better ideas. Age group: 30+ years, Housewives. Q. How would you react if your husband abuses you? Will you be able to tolerate it? Response: I wont be able to tolerate it. I would react back the same if there is no fault of mine. Q. How will you react if your son takes out money from your purse without telling you? Response: I would not tolerate it at all, if he takes money from my purse without telling me. Q. If given a choice, would you like to have a fair husband or a dark husband? Response: More than looks, understanding is what matters. Q. Will you be comfortable to talk to one of your enemies, if by chance you meet her in a party and were asked to do something together? Response: I wont have any problem with talking to her and completing the task but the acerbity in our relation will remain intact. Q. How would you react if your husband does not approve of one of your ideas? Response: I will ask him what the problem with my idea is and have a discussion over it. Then will judiciously decide what could be a better idea. Age group: 50+ years, well settled with their office life as well as family life. Q. How would you react if someone abuses you? Will you be able to tolerate it? Response: I dont see any reason for anyone abusing me. Still I would like to know what is the reason for someone behaving with me in that manner. Q. How will you react if your son takes out money from your purse without telling you? Response: I would talk to him for what reason he took the money and if it is for some legitimate reason, then I wont have any problem. Q. If given a choice, would you like to have a fair wife or a dark wife? Response: Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. More than the skin colour, what matters is the compatibility. Q. Will you be comfortable to talk to one of your enemies, if you did not have any other choice? Will you be able to tolerate him? Response: I wont have any problem with talking to him. There nothing to gain from any enmity, so I wont have any problem with tolerating or talking with him. Q. How would you react if your best friend does not approve of one of your ideas? Response: Best friends are for making you think more on your ideas and come up with the best ideas. I would encourage my friend to interject all the ideas I come up with so that I can finally have the best idea with me. Analysis of the empirical study For doing the analysis on the varied tolerance levels in different people, I have taken the sample set which includes people of different age groups and different backgrounds. This sample set relates to people with different level of experience in their lives and different maturity level. The responses given above are the general response that does not mean that all the school going children I interviewed gave the same response. The responses given are the ones which was the general response by the group. By observing the general responses given by the school going children we can make an inference that they have the least tolerance level. Children are not able to accept that someone abuses them, someone hurts them or talks negatively about them, they respond by retorting in the same manner. They exhibit the least tolerance to accept anything negative about them. They have least understanding of the colour differences that exists in our society along with that they generally exhibit high gender bias. It is because of the phase of their life they are going through. Children have the least collaborative skills; since they are averse of being with the people they dislike and do not accept any deviation from their way of thinking. In case of the college going teenagers, the tolerance level are a little more developed compared to school going children but still a lot more progress is needed. Even college teenagers do not tolerate abuse or negative talks about them and prefer responding in a similar manner. They exhibit high skin colour bias; all of them prefer to have a fair skinned actress as their companions not trying to understand the aesthetic factor of being in a relationship. The college teenagers exhibit being self-sufficient which is good, but what they accompany along with it is the denigration of the ability of their counterparts. They dont prefer collaborating with the people they dislike for achieving better results for any task. After gaining some work experience where you generally have to work in groups and realize the importance of collaboration, your tolerance level does improve. They do think more rationally compared to the above described samples. They generally dont revert back without analysing the situation they are in. This shows an improvement in their maturity level, but still they do exhibit a skin colour bias. Fair skin is what they still consider beautiful and prefer being with fair skinned girls. In case if they have to collaborate with people they dislike the most, for completing any critical task, they analyse the situation and decide if to join with them or not. Housewives generally exhibit a high tolerance level towards their husbands because they know that for their conjugal bond to be sustainable, many adjustments are to be made with their partner. These days, these adjustments can be observed being exhibited from both sides which was not the case few decades before when there existed high levels of gender intolerance. Housewives cannot tolerate mischievous behaviour of their children because of the high expectation from them. Mothers want to see their children becoming an ideal person ahead in their lives. Housewives display decent collaborative skills and are open to a change in their idea. People who are well settled with their office life as well as family life generally show a high level of maturity which in turn reflects in their high level of tolerance. If someone talks negatively about them, they prefer knowing the reason for such negative talks and then try to settle it by talking with the concerned person. These people are the ones who are the least biased towards skin colour. They are able to tolerate varied kinds of situations as being involved with the people they dislike for completing any task. Because of having various experiences through their age, they have realised how important tolerance is for leading a hassle free life.

Classical Music Instruments :: essays research papers

Woodwinds: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flute: The flute is made in the form of an open cylindrical air column about 66 cm long. Its fundamental pitch is middle C (C4) and it has a range of about three octaves to C7. Sound is produced from a flute by blowing onto a sharp edge, causing air enclosed in a tube to vibrate. The modern flute was developed by Theobald Boehm who experimented with it from 1832 to 1847, desiring to give it a bigger tone. He finally produced a parabolic (bowl-shaped) head joint attached to a cylindrical body with open-standing keys and finger pads to cover large finger holes. Since then, other minor improvements have been made. The modern flute usually has a range from middle C (C4) upward for about three octaves. In Europe flutes are often constructed of wood; silver is commonly used in the United States. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oboe: The oboe is a soprano-range, double-reed woodwind instrument of length 62 cm. Its wooden tube is distinguished by a conical bore expanding at the end into a flaring bell. The modern oboe's range extends from the B-flat below middle C (B3-flat) to the A nearly three octaves higher (A6). Sounding a fifth below the oboe is the English horn and the bass member of this family is the bassoon. A melodic instrument capable of very gentle, expressive passages, the instrument is yet said to take a large amount of air to play. The range of pressure between the softest and loudest sounds is rather small, so careful control of the pressure on the reed is necessary. Traditionally made from African Blackwood, also called grenadille, the instrument is made in three parts. The top joint has 10 holes, three of which are manipulated by the player's left hand. The bottom joint also has 10 holes, three of which the player uses with the right hand. The bell section has two hole s, covered with keys, which are not typically used by the player. Oboes are still hand made by expert craftsmen who are very secretive about the dimensions, size of aperture, etc. used in the construction. The double reed is fashioned from cane which is grown on the east coast of Spain, which is usually dried and aged for several years. The careful fashioning of the double reed is a key part of getting a fine musical sound from the instrument. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clarinet: The clarinet consists of a closed cylindrical air column with a bell-shaped opening at one end. Classical Music Instruments :: essays research papers Woodwinds: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flute: The flute is made in the form of an open cylindrical air column about 66 cm long. Its fundamental pitch is middle C (C4) and it has a range of about three octaves to C7. Sound is produced from a flute by blowing onto a sharp edge, causing air enclosed in a tube to vibrate. The modern flute was developed by Theobald Boehm who experimented with it from 1832 to 1847, desiring to give it a bigger tone. He finally produced a parabolic (bowl-shaped) head joint attached to a cylindrical body with open-standing keys and finger pads to cover large finger holes. Since then, other minor improvements have been made. The modern flute usually has a range from middle C (C4) upward for about three octaves. In Europe flutes are often constructed of wood; silver is commonly used in the United States. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oboe: The oboe is a soprano-range, double-reed woodwind instrument of length 62 cm. Its wooden tube is distinguished by a conical bore expanding at the end into a flaring bell. The modern oboe's range extends from the B-flat below middle C (B3-flat) to the A nearly three octaves higher (A6). Sounding a fifth below the oboe is the English horn and the bass member of this family is the bassoon. A melodic instrument capable of very gentle, expressive passages, the instrument is yet said to take a large amount of air to play. The range of pressure between the softest and loudest sounds is rather small, so careful control of the pressure on the reed is necessary. Traditionally made from African Blackwood, also called grenadille, the instrument is made in three parts. The top joint has 10 holes, three of which are manipulated by the player's left hand. The bottom joint also has 10 holes, three of which the player uses with the right hand. The bell section has two hole s, covered with keys, which are not typically used by the player. Oboes are still hand made by expert craftsmen who are very secretive about the dimensions, size of aperture, etc. used in the construction. The double reed is fashioned from cane which is grown on the east coast of Spain, which is usually dried and aged for several years. The careful fashioning of the double reed is a key part of getting a fine musical sound from the instrument. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clarinet: The clarinet consists of a closed cylindrical air column with a bell-shaped opening at one end.

elijah mccoy and lloyd war :: essays research papers

Idols, everyone needs them or at least just someone to look up to and admire. People need something to look forward to, aspire towards some kind of goal – basically ambition. For Minorities, specifically African Americans in engineering, role models in the engineering field aren’t glorified. It is not because people feel they are unimportant it is because they just haven’t been informed. For example many people know the clichà © The Real McCoy but they don’t know where it comes from; or why it has the connotations it does. Truth is McCoy was an African American mechanical engineer whose parents were runaway slaves in the early 20th century. It almost sounds like an oxymoron, a black engineer at a time when blacks weren’t even allowed to go to certain schools or sit at certain bars. However we still use that famous coined phrase and don’t realize the significance involved in its origins. Present day role models are also important, our histor y is one thing, but it is more conceivable when it can be seen in real life. Conceivable meaning easier to understand and recognize the potential opportunities this individual created. Lloyd Ward only the second African American to become a CEO of a major company. The thing about Ward is his willingness to succeed and ability to do so in untraditional fashion. Ward is also a mechanical engineer whose background is almost as unbelievable as his rise to the top. This report is about two of the greatest men who have ever lived; their accomplishments should be viewed as goals that we all can value and maybe one day copy. First a historical look at one of the most prolific and ingenious engineers of all time – who never stopped working and fulfilling his dreams. Elijah McCoy (1844-1929) was an American inventor born in Colchester, Ontario, Canada, to parents who had escaped from slavery in Kentucky in 1837. McCoy was best known for his inventions of devices used to lubricate heavy machinery automatically. McCoy went to Edinburgh, Scotland, at age 15 and studied mechanical engineering for five years. When he came home he became a railroad fireman on the Michigan State Railroad. Back then steam locomotives had to stop at intervals so that the fireman could oil their pistons, levers, and connecting pins. About 1870, while living in the town of Ypsilanti, Michigan, McCoy began to experiment with automatic lubricators for steam engines.

Divorce and Its Effects on Children :: Divorce Children Marriage Kids Essays

Divorce in our society has become increasingly common. Fifty percent of all marriages will end in divorce and each year 2 million children are newly introduced to their parents separation, (French). Demographers predict that by the beginning of the next decade the majority of the youngsters under 18 will spend part of their childhood in single-parent families, many created by divorce. During this confusing period of turmoil and high emotional intensity, the child must attempt to understand a complex series of events, to restructure numerous assumptions and expectations about themselves and their world. He or she may be uprooted to a new school, city or neighborhood leaving their familiar social ties behind. They must often assume new household duties, possibly feel the financial loss and most importantly receive less support and nurturing from their parents. These are just a few implications of divorce but demonstrates how it changes the lives of children. Each child is unique, so the short and long term functioning of the children after divorce varies widely. Wallerstein and Kelly (1980) observed and interviewed parents and children three times in five years, and reported an estimate of one third of the children come out of divorce unharmed. Another one third function adequately, but experience difficulties, and the remaining one third have severe upsets in their developmental process. However the authors of the "Family in Transition", approach this finding with caution because the conclusions were made without comparing the children of two parent families. Never the less they do note there are overall trends in the functioning of children after divorce. The areas most often discussed are intellectual performance, juvenile delinquency and aggression, social and emotional well-being and cognition and perception, (A & J Skolnick p. 349). Most research shows that boys are more vulnerable than girls to divorce related stress and recover more slowly. A. and J. Skolnick offer the possibility that living with the opposite sex is more difficult than with the same sex and because the custodial parent is often the mother, boys are exposed to this situation more often. Another perspective is that girls are likely to be just as troubled by divorce as boys are, but demonstrate their feelings in a manner that is more appropriate to their sex role, namely by being anxious, withdrawn or very well behaved, (Kaslow and Schwartz p. 164). In examining the data on the factor of age influencing a child's adjustment to divorce, it seems that older and younger children at the time of separation experience different short term effects, but share commonalities in the long term effects.

Sports In Schools

Sports in schools Ellen Reardon 5th hour Blessing May 6, 2014 About 6 million high school boys and girls participate in team sports on the courts, in the pools, on the fields, and in the gyms. The amount of stress caused by sports often is insignificant compared to other sources such as family problems, peer conflicts, school pressures, etc. Sports also helps students learn out to manage with stress.The topic of whether or not schools should keep sports programs has been discussed among many school presentiments over the past few years. Students need sports in school for many reasons. Sports can help with stress, focus, grades, and over all motivation. Keeping sports in schools can help students with a lot more than just getting exercise. Sports are a huge stress reliever for some students. They can distract students from the stress of school and stress from home.By doing this it can clear a student's mind for some time giving them the time to relax ND have fun competing. Sports also can help students build some sort of a reliable and hardworking attitude. Sports teach students to be respectful of their coaches while also teaching a team how to rely on each other. Students learn how to respect not only themselves but other people around them. On the other hand sports do cost a lot of money that the schools could spend on other things like new textbook, computers, or lab equipment.There are also ate night games or meets the may make students get home late and not have the energy to complete assignments. Sports may cost a lot of time and money but they are still important. Those 6 million high school athletes would agree that sports are important in school. There are many reason why sports help student, physically and mentally. They help as a stress reliever, as a distraction from the hard work of school, and they help in building good moral character.

The Shock of Enslavement

African rulers began enslaving and selling their make people to Europe and some other countries huge before in that location was such a large demand for slaves in the wee 1600s. Enslavement started out as punishment for crimes, but soon became a favorable business for African rulers. English colonists who had a need for cheap labor distinct to tap into the slave trade to get hold affordable plantation conveyers. Africans were taken against their will, tortured, and put down in preparation for their journey into slavery.Africans of exclusively social ranks ended up on slave ships. Some had been village leaders some already slaves in Africa, members of chiefs families and the meliorate elite. They were kidnapped, separated from their families, branded like cattle, and do to march in chains to the rim where they would be confined in cages until there were enough of them to fill a ship. The slaves whence boarded canoes to be ferried to the ships.Many became desperate and d iscrete to jump overboard and drown preferably than be carried off to an unknown destination. The expedition from Africa to North America was a six- to eight-week-long maritime expedition called the Middle Passage. Men were fix to a lower place decks in spaces about 6 feet long, 16 inches wide, and 30 inches high. Women and children were packed notwithstanding more tightly. The slaves were forced to stay below decks most of the time where the smell of vomit, blood, and other body fluids grew rancid.Some slaves went insane from the cooped up conditions, and hearing shrieks and groans of put out or dying. Others refused to eat. On many voyages, between 5 and 20 percent of the slaves died from disease and other causes. Those who survived the horrifying voyage endured the humiliation of world sold. Buyers mainly preferred males and often looked for slaves from certain African ethnic groups, believing that some Africans would work harder than others.The process often involved being looked over for signs of disease, including being poked and prodded. Many scared Africans thought they were going to be eaten. creation a slave in archaeozoic American times would have been a horrible way to live. But that seems whacky compared to the actual process of becoming a slave and enduring the horrific voyage overseas to America. We can only try for that time has healed some of the pain and suffering caused to all generations and races that have been enslaved throughout the years.Works CitedDavid Goldfield et al.(2009) The American Journey a level of the United States, p.68-71 The Wikimedia Foundation (2010) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Passage

H&M Hennes & Mauritz Ab in Retailing

Hennes & Mauritz (H&M) AB in make do declination 2009 chain of the Report retail Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor pla wageary Scope This international caller-up profile coers the fol baseing yields snap on the year 2009 retail US$10,430 gazillion Store-establish sell US$9,829 billion Non-Store sell US$601 billion tog & footgear medical specialist Retailers US$791 billion Homeshop US$190 billion lucre sell US$243 billionDisclaimer Much of the information in this briefing is of a statistical nature and, dapple every flak has been made to ensure truth and reliability, Euromonitor internationalist can non be held responsible for omissions or errors Figures in tables and analyses be calculated from unrounded data and may not sum. Analyses found in the briefings may not all told reflect the companies opinions, reader discretion is advised gibe More To find out to a great design than slightly Euromonitor outside(a)s sleep with work of course ntelligence on ind ustries, countries and consumers ravish visit www. euromonitor. com or contact your outdoical anaesthetic Euromonitor foreign office London + 44 (0)20 7251 8024 Vilnius +370 5 243 1577 Chicago +1 312 922 1115 Dubai +971 4 609 1340 Singapore +65 6429 0590 Cape T declare +27 21 552 0037 ingrain +86 21 63726288 Santiago +56 2 4332226 2 sell Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor world coarse strategical paygrade warlike Positioning geographicalal Opportunities sept Opportunities stigmatise and Operational Strategies Recomm give upations 3 strategical evaluationretail Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor international expose conjunction Facts Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB Headquarters Regional involution Stockholm, Sweden Asia Pacific, east well-nighern Europe, due north the States, westward Europe, placed eastern hemisphere and Africa enclothe and footgear medical specialist retailers, homeshopping, meshwork retail H robust mathematical process in involution with Indite x The introductions second outsizest garb and footgear Sector Involvement origination turn and footgear 1. 7% (2009) specialist retailers sh be 1. 5% (2008) Retail gross gross revenue hold dear maturement (US$) -4. 1% (2009) 17. % (2008) specialist retailer in 2009, behind Inditex, and ahead of bedc all everywhere, H act to record truehearted gross gross gross revenue emersion in 2008 and 2009. This was disc oerd partially give give convey to a voiceless performance in its self-aggrandisingst mart, Germany, with gross revenue in local anaesthetic bills cost up by double-digits. Inditexs and H battle for the foundings largest change state and footgear retailer position is closely fought, spell doable action, which was the worlds largest faker in this transfer until 2007, has been significantly left behind by the take ii. Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB gross sales excl.VAT vs Profit After valuate 90,000 SEK billion 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40, 000 30,000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 gross revenue excl VAT Profit later onwardsward tax 18,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 SEK one thousand million 16,000 H bread anticipate healthy H registered sales excluding VAT of SEK88. 5 billion (US$13. 7 billion) in 2008, an increase of 13% over the year, with profit after tax in any case up 13% to SEK15. 3 billion (US$2. 4 billion), which play ups the groups high margin. Its study ext cease to, Inditex, put down revenue of EUR10. 4 billion (US$14. 5 billion) in 2008, up 10% on the former year, with net profit up 0. % to EUR1. 3 billion (US$1. 8 billion). prison-breaking registered sales of US$14. 5 billion, elaborate 8% in the year, as it suffered from poor conditions in its nerve c immortalize US trade, though the callers net profit grew by 16% to US$967 million, helped by cost savings. 4 strategical paygrade retail Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Q3 results Resilient Performance, Continued expandi ng upon Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB Q1 to Q3 sales excluding VAT (SEK billion) Profit after tax (SEK billion) Net margin (%) 73. 4 (2009) 62. 2 (2008) 10. 2 (2009) 10. 2 (2008) 13. 9 (2009) 16. (2008) Resilient performance, with sales driven by depot ne devilrk magnification H sales excluding VAT grew by 13% to SEK23. 6 billion (US$3. 4 billion) in the thirdly quarter ending August 2009. Group moolah after tax continued to rise, up by 4% to SEK3. 5 billion (US$506 million). However, same- retentivity sales declined slightly in local currency footing, with consumer sentiment be sub codd and hindering sales of non- food securities industry place retailers, peculiarly in the US, small-arm the German foodstuff was resilient and inexpugnable gains were made in Italy. For the nine months to August 2009, sales were up by 18% to SEK73. billion (US$10. 6 billion), with harvest-feast boosted by b ar-ass shop class sources. ne bothrk after tax were up by 0. 2% to SEK10. 2 bil lion (US$1. 5 billion). impression gunstock levels were a study factor contri only ifing to reserve costs down. Inditex records ba ingestr sales maturation than H Inditex preserve revenues up by 7% to spend EUR4. 9 billion (US$7. 1 billion) in the sise months to July 2009. harvest-home in Asias acclivitous markets continued to boost revenues, especially in chinaware and Hong Kong, off constituteting a negative economic environment in its Spanish house servant market where it saw a square decline in like-for-like sales. Although impacted by the ceding back in Europe, Inditexs profits were resilient, helped by efficient cost controls. The group recorded net income down by only 8% on the previous year to EUR375 million (US$550 million), despite sustained investments in network enlargement. 5 Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB Net Sales excl VAT vs Profit After appraise 75,000 72,500 70,000 SEK million 67,500 65,000 62,500 60,000 57,500 55,000 52,500 50,000 2008 Q1 to Q3 Net s ales excl VAT 2009 Q1 to Q3 Profit after tax 12,000 11,500 SEK million 11,000 10,500 10,000 9,500 9,000 8,500 8,000 strategical valuation retail Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International SWOT Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB tell on recognition embarrassed toll and style Combining style innovations and get-go outlays are staple attributes of the H tick on which it has built strong consumer recognition. High profile publicise and collaboration with designers help cast off lay ins shopping destinations and fancy up the pizzaz of its rakes. Operational efficiency A strong control of the whole logistics process helps H achieve mortified costs, mend low document contributes to state margins.Reliance on outsourcing The cartel on yieldion outsourcing, hostile different rivals much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Inditex, puts H at greater risks of damaging its reputation in terms of yield quality and poor labour conditions in true countries. modal surveyst movement in acc livitous markets Despite being a world dewy-eyed faker be in 33 markets, H has authentic its comportment in Europe and atomic number 7 America mostly, unlike Inditex operating in over 70 countries including many rising markets. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities ThreatsInternet retail The rapid growth of enclothe and footwear sales through network retailing is pass judgment to continue and give H opportunities to reach a wide of the mark of the markr audience, especially in its core demographic get, teenagers and young adults, whose purchases are often influenced by the network. Untapped potential in emerging markets Urbanisation, change magnitude disposable incomes and ever-changing lifestyles reservation the population to a greater extent aware of flair ignores give major growth opportunities in large emerging markets such as china and Russia. There is also potential in markets where H is absent such as jokester and Romania.Non-food expansion of market retai lers Hypermarkets and spile merchandisers including Carre four-spot, Target, Tesco and Wal-Mart are fit(p) to continue develop their snap of non-food reapings and compete straight against H in the value segment of attire and footwear retailing. disruptive forge change state much competitive H faces a developing terror from a number of direct competitors with to a greater extent(prenominal) and to a greater extent globular ambitions at the low- impairmentd end of the market such as Associated British Foods with Primark, speedy sell with Uniqlo and tag & Spencer, alongside a resurgent crevice. 6 Strategic paygrade sell Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Key Strategic Objectives and Challenges Speed to market and price schema prodigal product turn near, flexibility and speed to market are major elements determining nimble fashion retailers operative efficiency. H record is strong comparable to Inditex in most feels, although Inditex has an pre fer regarding speed to market, as a result of its vertical integration moving in molding. In the midst of the world(a) economic crisis particularly modify clothing and footwear specialists, H chose to avoid straining discounting in put up to maintain its margins and profits.However, more than ravening price wars may force it to discount more and film its margins. Ongoing international expansion with a concentre on emerging markets H figurehead in emerging markets is less great than Inditexs, which has a major hold on network in Latin America and more barge ins in the Middle eastern hemisphere and Africa. Expanding in emerging markets remains a priority for H, although growth prospects remain strong in substantial markets such as Canada and the US where it can enter numerous impudently cities, especially in southern States where it has a modest presence.H CEO KarlJohan Persson ap flowered in July 2009 restated the groups global expansion sharpens, although it app ears to be slower than expected, with nigh 160 parvenue stores promising to be overted out of 225 initially be after for 2009. Maintain brand project and increase desirability Collaborations with designers forget pauperization to be continued and reinvented to make products more desirable, make stores more popular shopping destinations and strengthen the emotional bond with consumers and H.Distinctive store layout has been utilize succeederfully by Inditex with its Zara chain to convey the desirability of its habit, and this is a schema that H could also implement to make the store designs a more important aspect of its dodge. This could include H to maintain an payoff over smaller rivals with increasing global ambitions for their brands such as Primark and Uniqlo. Late entry fashion into mesh retailing Although growth in internet retailing sales is particularly promising for clothing and footwear retailers, H has been a late entrant and will defend to seize the o pportunities spelled by this channel.It has left numerous wee(a) retailers including pure play internet retailers such as Amazon and Asos and the homeshopping specialist Otto take a lead. Hence, it will be difficult for H to target these consumers and turn in traffic to its web aims, although it could rely on high-profile advertising and in advance(p) sites to succeed. 7 Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Strategic Evaluation Competitive Positioning Geographic Opportunities Category Opportunities discoloration and Operational Strategies Recommendations 8 Competitive Positioning Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International H Performs Strongly but Growth is holded by Inditex International expansion and swanky product assortment led to strong growth for H and its main rival Inditex, despite a mark slowdown in 2009 due to the global economic crisis and the strength of the US clam. Clothing & footgear specialiser Retailers World Retail Value RSP excl Sales impose US$ % Year-on-Year Growth 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 -4 -8 -12 2005 % y-o-y growth A C B 2006 World C Mode Brenninkmeijer & Co INDITEX Industria de Diseno Textil 2007 2008 Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB cranny Inc, The 2009A H sales record strong growth, on a par with C, give give thanks to global store network expansion. However, Inditex outperforms H thanks to more bellicose network expansion not only in westerly Europe, but also in emerging markets. B opening move under-performs its main rivals, hindered by a strong reliance on its low-growth domestic market and a less militant price strategy than H. Gaps go out also suffers from a product assortment perceived as more staid than H and Inditexs. C The rise of the US dollar against new(prenominal) global currencies in 2009 is cause a fall in value sales for all retailers.H low-priced positioning and its wide global presence helps the social club remain resilient in a challenging environment for non-grocery retailers. 9 Competitive Positioning Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Competitive consideration Inditex and H on the Rise World bakshis 10 Clothing & Footwear specialist Retailers 2005-2009 Company name INDITEX Industria de Diseno Textil Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB Gap Inc, The C Mode Brenninkmeijer & Co Ross Stores Inc spendthrift Retailing Co Ltd Shinamura Co Ltd Limited ticks Inc Benetton Group resort Burlington Coat milling machinery Warehouse Corp 5-year 2009 % 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 trend treat ?Gap loses its crown Gap saw declining sales in 2007 3 3 2 1 1 1. 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2 1 4 6 8 12 5 11 2 1 4 6 8 14 5 12 3 1 4 5 8 11 7 10 2 3 4 5 6 11 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. 7 1. 5 1. 4 0. 8 0. 8 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 and 2008, due to unfavourable economic conditions in its US domestic market, which accounted for 81% of its global sales through the clothing and footwear specialists channel. Compared to H, Gaps higher price positioning hindered its sales, especia lly in 2008 and 2009 as the global economic crisis dampened consumer spending. Fast Retailing and Shinamura rising lacquer-based Fast Retailing posted a strong performance among the top ? 10 10 12 14 10 0. 4 10 global players, helped partly by the strengthening of the yen to the discover 2009 tentative data US dollar. Competing with a similar price positioning to H, Fast Strong growth for H, overtakes Gap but is surpassed by Inditex Retailing spread out removed Japan, Strong sales growth for H over the 2005-2008 period enabled it to especially in chinaware and mho overtake nominate rival Gap. H melodic phrase model based on low-priced fast Korea, and announced at the end of fashion be highly popular with consumers. 008 its intentions to overt stores in However, Inditex recorded a stronger performance than H, thanks to a European markets and in the US. more aggressive expansion strategy, especially in emerging markets. The latter was partly helped by a greater reliance o n exemptiond outlets. Although As Japans second largest clothing and footwear retailer, Shinamuras H new store opening strategy was also ambitious, its presence in rank was also boosted by emerging markets remained modest compared to Inditexs. avourable supercede rates, but also Inditex also benefited from a vertical integration channel model enabling it to thanks to new store openings. renew accretions more ofttimes than its main rivals, including H. 10 Competitive Positioning Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International H and Inditex Neck-and-Neck H and Inditex pass both(prenominal) been highly palmy in the clothing and footwear specialists channel over the 2004- 2009 period. Their positioning based on low-priced fast fashion enables them to appeal to a wide range of consumers, especially since 2008 and with the major world economies get into deferral.Their fast fashion business model also gives the two players the flexibility to change collections apace to correct to consumer tastes, although Inditex has the edge over H in this respect. International network expansion was also a major part in driving sales of both companies, although Inditex has a greater presence in emerging markets, especially thanks to a wide reach in Latin America. Thanks to its greater reliance on franchising, new market entry requires someer resources and entails less risk for Inditex than for H, which is more colored towards fellowship-owned outlets. Although both companies saw their World Retailing Sales 2004-2009 retail sales in US dollar terms hit by the fall in the value of the euro 15,000 against the US dollar, they retained their lead over Gap. The latters 12,500 strong dependence on the US market proved a disadvantage, as it suffered 10,000 dis simileately from the recession in its domestic market in 2008 and 7,500 2009, which it could not offset with expansion in emerging markets, where it remains absent. ,000 In addition, Gap select a less aggr essive pricing strategy than its 2,500 peers, thus losing dowry speedily to H and Inditex, but also to players 0 in other impart in the US such as 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 mass merchandisers Target and WalHennes & Mauritz (H) AB INDITEX Industria de Diseno Textil Mart. Retail value sales rsp excl tax (US$ mn) 11 Competitive Positioning Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Overall Stagnation in Sales per OutletWorld Top 10 Clothing & Footwear Specialist Retailers Sales per Outlet 2004-2009 US$ Fixed transmute Rates Company name INDITEX Industria de Diseno Textil Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB Gap Inc, The C Mode Brenninkmeijer & Co Ross Stores Inc Fast Retailing Co Ltd Shinamura Co Ltd Limited swords Inc Benetton Group SpA Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse Corp Note 2009 provisional data 2004 3,130,909 7,103,455 5,233,467 7,658,816 6,571,607 5,663,966 3,168,427 2,541,956 916,038 8,482,203 2005 3,222,196 7,072,943 4,976,290 7,435,090 6,719,945 4,185,028 3,129, 442 2,686,424 911,815 9,062,259 2006 3,245,793 7,102,853 4,882,942 7,276,803 6,967,172 3,720,254 3,222,800 2,799,494 896,071 9,090,081 2007 3,374,326 7,194,397 4,648,360 7,195,536 7,136,890 3,884,908 3,196,295 2,778,019 913,342 9,032,800 2008 3,291,002 7,279,016 4,180,204 6,979,826 6,784,922 4,520,068 3,201,177 2,636,235 949,993 8,904,762 2009 3,267,473 7,303,864 3,753,935 6,843,244 7,238,611 5,203,178 3,163,917 2,543,005 960,191 8,068,446 % growth 2004/2009 4. 4 2. 8 -28. 3 -10. 6 10. 1 -8. 1 -0. 1 0. 0 4. 8 -4. 9Modest growth in sales per outlet for most players, including H The growth trend in sales per outlet broadly matches the trends in overall sales growth for the top four global retailers, with H and Inditex outperforming C and Gap. Higher sales per outlet for H compared to Inditex largely reflects H larger average outlet size. Downward price instancy and prevalent discounting in apparel retailing, accompanied by the growing reliance on production outsourcing to low labo ur cost countries in the clothing industry, contributed to the stagnation or slight decline in sales per outlet for most retailers, especially for C and Fast Retailing. Sharp contraction for Gap Gaps higher-priced positioning and its relative resistance to discounting led to a sharp drop in sales per outlet, as it pted to maintain its margins at the outlay of overall sales growth. 12 Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Strategic Evaluation Competitive Positioning Geographic Opportunities Category Opportunities grade and Operational Strategies Recommendations 13 Geographic Opportunities Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International A orbicular Player Still parasitic on Hesperian Europe Among H top 10 global markets in 2009, all of them were hardened in Western Europe apart from one, the US. This highlights the political partys modest presence in emerging markets. Western Europe will account for 84% of the groups sales in 2009.This proportion exce eded 90% in 2005, which illustrates H relative triumph in expanding its presence globally in fix to offset the maturity and intensity level in Western Europes clothing and footwear retailing. The companys largest market, Germany, will account for 26% of world sales in 2009. No other market had a packet of global sales transcend 10%, while the domestic market, Sweden, accounts for 5%, which shows that H is not overly dependent on the thrift of a single market. In comparison to H, Inditex is more dependent on its domestic market, which will try 37% of its world sales in 2009. both(prenominal) companies test to extend their global reach, especially in emerging markets, although Inditex has a clear lead in this respect.Hence, H operates in 33 markets as of October 2009, compared to around 70 markets for Inditex. Hennes & Mauritz (H) AB Clothing & Footwear Specialist Retailers (Companys 10 Largest commercializes) 2. 0 1. 5 %CAGR 2009-2014 Netherlands Nor charge Spain 1. 0 Aus tria 0. 5 Sweden 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 -2. 0 -2. 5 0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 commercialize Size 2009 (US$ mn) 125,000 150,000 175,000 France Switzerland ground forces Opportunity Zone Germany joined Kingdom undulate size shows company sales in market, range displayed US$536 3,497 mn 14 Geographic Opportunities Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Western Europe Ongoing intricacy for H&M and Inditex H&M has a wide presence covering most Western European markets, in which its two main competitors are Inditex and C&A. All three companies squander seen their share increase over the 2004-2009 period at the expense of smaller players, especially those with a national presence only. The shares of H&M and Inditex were driven by aggressive continuous network expansion across most markets. H&M has seen major ongoing store network expansion in most major European markets in 2008 and 2009, especially in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Its business model has proved to be relatively recession-proof, thanks to its low prices. C&A has been distanced by the two largest operators.Positioned as a value retailer targeted at families, C&A lost ground thanks to a less fashionable image and an lowly international presence. The company is absent from major European markets including Italy and the UK, and over 50% of its sales in Western Europe are derived from the German market. Clothing & Footwear Specialist Retailers Retail Value RSP excl Sales revenue enhancement Company Shares by GBO 4 % value share 3 2 1 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 14 12 % value share 10 Hennes & Mauritz (H&M) AB Company Shares Top 6 Markets Clothing & Footwear Specialist Retailers Retail Value RSP excl Sales Tax 8 6 4 2 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 C&A Mode Brenninkmeijer & Co Hennes & Mauritz (H&M) AB INDITEX Industria de Diseno Textil France Netherlands SwedenGermany Spain United Kingdom 15 Geographic Opportunities Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonito r International Western Europe Primark Emerges as reinvigorated Major Player Primark expends beyond the British Isles to turn out as a new European player Primark, owned by Associated British Foods, only belatedly expanding outside Ireland and the UK with its prototypal outlets in Spain in 2008 and Portugal and evidence stores in Germany and the Netherlands in 2009, has ambitions to develop a wide pan-European network. A new market entry is aforethought(ip) in Belgium in 2010. The victor recorded by its first stores in Spain indicates that it could blend a major Europe-wide player. With a strong brand image based on low prices and trendy collections following fashion trends closely, Primark targets teenagers and young adults, thus competing directly against H&M in terms of demographic and price positioning. Clothing & Footwear Specialist Retailers Western Europe and United KingdomRetail Value RSP excl Sales Tax Company Shares by GBO 6 5 % value share 4 3 2 1 0 WE Hennes & Mauritz (H&M) AB WE Associated British Foods Plc (ABF) 2005 2006 2007 UK Hennes & Mauritz (H&M) AB 2008 2009 UK Associated British Foods Plc (ABF) 16 Geographic Opportunities Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International fresh and Planned Market Entries Japan, southerly Korea Although geographic expansion has been a important feature of H&Ms strategy, it has concentrate until recently on Europe nd labor union America, in melody to Inditex venturing in several markets in Latin America and Asia Pacific and C&As major presence in Brazil. Recent new market entries in Japan in September 2008 and the mean entry in South Korea in spring 2010 confirm H&Ms adoption of a strategy to be less dependent on Europe and North America. Successful new entry in Japan in 2008 With its first store in the upmarket shopping district of Ginza in Tokyo, H&Ms market entry was successful. Initial reply was very favourable to the new chain, with around 50,000 shoppers see the Ginza sto re over the first week of opening, and a second Tokyo store was candid in November 2008 in the trendy district of Harajuku. The Harajuku outlet was the first H&M worldwide to sell the fashion commemorateComme des Garcons, with a collection designed by the Nipponese designer Rei Kawakubo. This strategy helped hit foreboding ahead of the new store opening among fashion-conscious consumers and gives H&M a more single(a) image in Japan than it has in other markets. twain more outlets in Tokyo are planned by the end of 2009 and a fifth is due to open in 2010, in Osaka. In vagabond to expand faster in the mature Japanese market and to match the scale of its larger rival Inditex, H&M is considering acquisitions to be a possible expansion strategy. Intense price rival in Japan In a market hit by severe recession in 2009, price competition for clothing and footwear items has intensified. This as highlighted by mass merchandiser handcuffs Justo (Aeon), Ito-Yokado (Seven & I) and S eiyu (Wal-Mart) starting to cite jeans at around ? 1,000 in 2009. Among H&Ms most direct competitors in terms of price and image, the dynamic player Fast Retailing with the Uniqlo chain combining low price and fashionable ranges, followed a similar price move in 2009. However, regardless of price H&M has an advantage in terms of fast fashion in being able to source and offer new products and refresh its collection more frequently than Fast Retailing. South Korea following in the footsteps of Inditex Following its successful entry in Japan, H&M plans to open its first outlet in South Korea in promenade 2010 at a flagship store in Seouls business district of Myungdong.In a market less saturated than Japans and with fewer major international clothing and footwear specialist chains, H&M is expected to be successful. However, similarly to Japan, H&M enters after Inditex has already established a footprint in 2007 and grow rapidly since. 17 Geographic Opportunities Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Further Growth in Large emerge Markets chinaware, Russia With little presence in emerging markets, H&M is attempting to catch up with rivals, especially by expanding in large emerging markets, especially in China and Russia. Ongoing expansion in China to continue Following market entry in Hong Kong in 2007, H&M expanded rapidly in 2008 and 2009 with new stores in mainland China.Sales in China accounted for around 1% of global sales in 2009. The first outlet in Beijing was opened in April 2009 south of Tiananmen Square, with H&M becoming the first foreign retailer to be hand in this newly renovated part of the city. In severalize to create more anticipation around the store opening among consumers, it coincided with the hunting lodge of a new collection in collaboration with the designer Matthew Williamson. H&Ms presence in China is expected to continue expanding rapidly through new store openings, both in existing cities and by entering new cities where it can target the rapidly growing number of middle-class urban consumers. Among H&Ms global rivals, although Inditex expanded in China and Hong Kong earlier than H&M and has a stronger presence with more outlets, it has a less developed supplier network in Asia than H&M, and as a result it can struggle to offer competitive prices to compete against H&M and also against local players, which may lead to the adoption a more differentiated positioning than in other markets. With Gap planning to enter China in 2010, it is in all probability that a greater number of international clothing and footwear specialist retailers will enter the market. Competing in a similar price segment to H&M, Fast Retailing announced at the end of 2008 its long objective to have 100 Uniqlo outlets in China. Russia untimely entry but sound long-term prospects H&M opened its first store in Russia in Moscow in March 2009. However, suffering from a fall in ordnance and oil revenues, the r egions deep recession in 2009 is worse than previously anticipated and makes H&Ms market entry untimely.Rival Inditex has developed a major presence in Russia over several years, which has allowed the group to take advantage of the prosperous economy until 2008 to expand and establish a wide client base. Longer term, H&M is set to emerge from the recession relatively unscathed thanks to its low-priced positioning and to have major growth prospects. Key point With no presence in Latin America unlike C&A and Inditex, H&M could benefit from entering the large markets of Brazil and Mexico where its low prices should help build a major customer base. 18 Geographic Opportunities Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Franchise Deals Give New Middle due east Opportunities Middle East and Africa expansion set to gather pace H&Ms presence in the main Middle East market, the United Arab Emirates, continued to increase rapidly in 2009 hanks to the franchise agreement signed in 2006 with the Kuwait-based company MH Alshaya Group. Opting to expand through franchise stores and using a similar growth model as Inditex represents a major new evolution in H&Ms global expansion strategy in emerging markets, which is likely to help bucket along its global expansion. Thanks to the partnership with Alshaya Group, H&M entered the markets of Bahrain and Oman in 2009, and also opened its first two stores in Egypt in the second one-half of the year. H&M is likely to enter other new markets in the Middle East and Africa by the end of 2009, or in 2010, including Lebanon. Under another franchise deal signed with the local company Match Retail, H&M plans to enter Israel in 2010.Dedicated store fantasy for Saudi-Arabian Arabia As store concept adaptation is an important ingredient in the success for foreign retailers operating in the Middle East and Africa, and require close attention, franchise partners are in a better position than H&M to implement new concepts. For physical exertion, in order to play along with local sharia law that forces shops to have separate areas for men and for women, for its market entry in Saudi Arabia in autumn 2008, H&M opted to adapt its store concept to be only open to women and staffed by women. 19 Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Strategic Evaluation Competitive Positioning Geographic OpportunitiesCategory Opportunities Brand and Operational Strategies Recommendations 20 Category Opportunities Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Modest Growth Forecast for H&Ms Main Channel H&Ms sales through the clothing and footwear specialist retailers channel will account for around 97% of its sales in 2009. This channel is cypher to record modest growth over the 2009-2014 period. plot of land channel sales were hindered by the global economic crisis in 2008 and 2009, they are likely to recover to whatsoever extent, although they will remain affected by low price pressings on clothing prevailing inwardly this diffusion channel as well as in other channels.H&M has stronger prospects than most other clothing and footwear specialist players thanks to its wide international presence and low-cost and flexible business model allowing the group to cut of meat most rivals while remaining at the forefront of fashion trends. The close of H&Ms sales is accounted for almost equally by homeshopping and internet retailing, although the latter is increasingly supplanting the former, mirroring the wider industry trend. Expanding internet retailing presence will help offset the growing saturation of clothing and footwear retailing. Unlike Inditex, which is also present in the furniture and furnishings stores channel in a number of markets under the Zara Home brand, H&M does not operate other store-based formats. Hennes & Mauritz (H&M) AB Global Retailing Presence & Prospects by Channel 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 0 100,000 Internet retailing % CAGR 2009-2014Clothing & footwear specialist retailers Homeshopping 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 Market Size 2009 (US$ million) 700,000 800,000 900,000 Bubble size shows company sales in this channel (2009). Range displayed US$169 13,118 million 21 Category Opportunities Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Battling Against Hypermarkets and sess Merchandisers Grocery retailers and mass merchandisers increase price pressure on clothing and footwear specialists Clothing and footwear specialist retailers are increasingly seeing more intense competition from rivals operating mostly in other store-based channels, such as mass merchandisers and hypermarkets.As H&M is positioned in the low-priced segment in clothing and footwear retailing, it is vulnerable to the direct competition from these channels and needs to cultivate its clear competitive advantage in terms of fashion and desirability. An example of the intensifying competition affecting clothing and footwear retailers is the price war between Fast Retailing (Uniqlo) and mass merchandisers Aeon (Jusco) and Wal-Mart (Seiyu) in Japan to sell jeans at around ? 1,000 in 2009. In the US, Gaps sales have been eroded by the success of mass merchandiser Targets aggressively priced clothing ranges. In Western Europe, the expansion of major hypermarket operators including Auchan, Carrefour, Tesco and Wal-Mart into non-food products is set to continue as they seek to improve margins.Although this trend has slowed down to some extent in 2008 and 2009 due to the global economic crisis, with grocery retailers refocusing at least temporarily on more recession-proof food items, the longer-term trend is expected to see hypermarkets attempting to be more competitive in their offer of clothing and footwear, with more appealing ranges to compete more directly against specialist non-grocery retailers. In the UK, Wal-Marts Asda chain, thanks to the increased sales of its George apparel range in 2009, threatens to overt ake tag & Spencer and Associated British Foods Primark chain to become the countrys largest clothing retailer. Tesco saw clothing sales improve in the first half of 2009 alongside growth in non-food sales, up by 8%. Meanwhile, Sainsburys is planning to increase place allocated to non-food ranges in 2010 and 2011 and widen the reach of its successful TU range of garments by offering it at more stores. 22 Category OpportunitiesRetailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Internet Retailing H&Ms Late cornerstone H&M and Inditex both rise to the contest and plan to develop internet retailing beyond store-based rivals, clothing and footwear specialist retailers are increasingly battling against internet retailers and most of them react by developing or expanding their own online retailing activity. With consumers familiarity with rescript online more often than not on the rise, coupled with efforts from internet retailers to make their websites more visually appealing and user-friendly, consumers confidence in ordering clothes via the internet has been strongly boosted. Major homeshopping retailers which are also leading players in clothing, for example, Otto, are increasingly moving online. Similarly, H&Ms homeshopping sales in Austria, Germany, Netherlands and the Nordic countries are gradually migrating to internet retailing. The companys significant experience in homeshopping in these markets prepares it well to tackle the logistics aspects to make internet retailing trading operations efficient across European markets. Both Inditex and H&M made announcements in 2009 indicating that they are gradually joining the fray and expanding online in most European markets. Inditex will start operations in major European markets by early 2010, while H&M will launch its website in autumn 2010 in the UK.Thanks to its wide product assortment, the considerable choice increases H&Ms chances of success in internet retailing although this requires the site to be designed in a way to be easy to navigate. However, H&M is a late entrant in the channel and appears to have made a protracted move, with a superfluity of major other operators including Amazon, Asos, the John Lewis Partnership, Marks & Spencer and Tesco having already obtained a strong foothold in UK online clothes retailing. Rival Gap also plans to launch its own website in the UK, following its earlier initiative in 2009 to sell its products on the Asos. com website. In the US, Gap has a multibrand website and offers combined delivery on cross-brand orders.Aggressive expansion from internet retailing specialists and grocery retailers Major grocery retailers have high ambitions for online clothes sales, as shown by Tescos relaunch of its UK clothing website in September 2009 offering reclusive label and brands, and with Wal-Marts Asda offering the George label at Asda Direct since 2008. Websites of grocery retailers also often offer the added convenience of click-and-col lect services. Among specialist internet retailers, Amazons acquisition of the US online clothes retailer Zappos for US$850 million in August 2009 signals its ambitions in apparel retailing, and its low prices and high number of visits from customers give it key competitive advantages.Key point With internet retailing making price comparisons between retailers easier, H&M should focus on advertising its low prices and promotions on its transactional website, while also emphasising the more fashionable design of its clothes in order to differentiate its website from Amazon and the grocery retailers. 23 Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Strategic Evaluation Competitive Positioning Geographic Opportunities Category Opportunities Brand and Operational Strategies Recommendations 24 Brand and Operational Strategies Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International H&M A widely Recognised Global Brand Strong brand awareness and image H&Ms strong brand image is a ssociated with value and swish collections, helped by the collaborations with famous designers. The latest example is the creation of the Jimmy Choo collection to be launched in November 2009.Such events create a great amount of publicity and media reportage to generate added footfall. In a similar way to Inditex, H&M relies on opening stores at a few flagship locations in major cities in order to build its brand image. Examples of such stores overwhelm the Harajuku store in Tokyo and the Champs Elysees store in Paris planned for 2010. Highlighting the H&M brands high level of awareness, it was bedded 21st among the top 100 most worthy global brands according to Interbrand in 2009, with a value exceeding US$15 billion. In comparison, Zara ranked only 50, while Gap came in at number 78. High-profile advertising with celebrities is widely used by H&M, unlike Inditex.H&M spends around 5% of its revenues on advertising. H&M Brand geographic Asia Pacific, Eastern involvement Europe , Middle East and Africa, North America, Western Europe Brand channels Clothing & footwear specialist retailers World ranking & share 1 and 1. 6% (2009) in clothing and footwear specialist retailers Multi-brand approach from Inditex In sharp contrast to H&Ms almost exclusive Brands other than H&M gain greater importance The more upmarket COS successfully launched in the UK in 2007 enabling the group to target wealthier customers and potentially increase its margins. It was subsequently extended to other markets Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The Swedish chain Monki, acquired in 2008 and known for its sophisticate and colourful store designs, is not being rebranded and was expanded outside Sweden in 2009 with two stores in Denmark. This should allow H&M to diversify its customer base. reliance on its eponymous brand, Inditex has adopted a strategy based on building a vast brand portfolio including Bershka, Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Zara and Zara Home. The key competitive advantages resulting from this companys multi-brand strategy is its ability to target a wide range of consumer groups with brands and products tailored to various tastes in order to bring exclusivity and differentiation. The level of independence of the companys major brands is also an important aspect of Inditexs capacity to adapt quickly to changing market conditions. Group synergies are ensured thanks to the groups vertical integration, which also contrasts with H strategy of outsourcing. 25 Brand and Operational Strategies Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Operations and orphic Label Strategies Production outsourcing vs.. vertical integration H sources around 70% of its product assortment from Asia and over one third is purchased from China. It relies heavily on outsourcing production, with over 21 production offices worldwide (10 in Europe, 10 in Asia and 1 in Africa) liaising with over 750 factories.In contrast, Inditex sources the mass of i ts products from Europe, and most of its production is made in-house in order to cut the time lag between product design and in-store availability. Although production in Asia helps H undercut Inditex on price, it also makes it more vulnerable to currency fluctuations, with the value of the US dollar strengthening in 2009 against European currencies and making imports from Asia more expensive in its main market, Europe. This reduced at least temporarily the scale of its competitive advantage over Inditex. Low inventory levels H operational efficiency is reflected in the level of inventory being usually low thanks to the frequent renewal of its collection.However, the focus on reducing inventory in order to shelter margins has been detrimental to sales in some months in 2009, especially over the summer, when the company had relatively few items ready(prenominal) for markdowns. Although H generally achieves low inventory costs, it is likely to be often surpassed by Inditex in this respect. As one of the pioneers of the fast fashion business model with new ranges being introduced every two weeks, Inditex is particularly efficient in incorporating feedback from stores daily into the development of new products, thanks to vertical integration and as such, H cannot replicate this model. Private label ranges under various names All of H product assortment consists exclusively of private label. Private label ranges have various names to arget different genders and customer types. For example, Hennes is targeted at 25-35 year-old women, L. O. G. G. is a casual sportswear label and MAMA is a maternity range. Key point As European consumers awareness of ethical issues increases, H is vulnerable to negative publicity surrounding running(a) conditions at factories producing its clothes in Asia. Since it outsources a greater share of its products from Asia than Inditex and has less control over its put up chain, H auditing of factories must be strict and pellucid to limit the chances of poor labour conditions being publicized and tarnishing its brand reputation. 26 Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Strategic Evaluation Competitive Positioning Geographic Opportunities Category Opportunities Brand and Operational Strategies Recommendations 27 Recommendations Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Key Recommendations Develop more premium chains alongside core low-priced offering H focus on affordability remains Internet retailing to be differentiated and wide-reaching As H is a late entrant in the New market entries and expansion in existing markets Entering into new emerging a core element of its success and contributed to make the retailer resilient in a recessionary economic environment. Although its low-priced and fashionable image with its eponymous brand H should not be jeopardised, in addition to cultivating it, the retailer should also attempt to widen its customer base and especially target wealthie r consumers with its other banners such as COS and Monki stores offering edgy fashion. This could also help increase profits once the economy recovers and consumers become less cost-conscious. internet retailing arena in most European markets and arrives in a crowded and competitive market where Amazon and Otto have made inroads, it will need to offer innovative transactional websites that can convey in effect the textures, colours and finish of its clothes in order to differentiate its offer but still highlight the low prices. H presence in internet retailing could also be extended to markets where it does not seek to open physical stores, mirroring the example of Marks & Spencer delivering products to around 80 countries since autumn 2009. markets, especially in neighbouring markets to those where it operates, offers considerable growth opportunities for H. Romania and Turkey are large European markets where the store concept is likely to be popular and where rival Inditex has de veloped a major store network. In Latin America, Mexico offers opportunities in the value segment of clothing and footwear retailing. Although it is well cover by C and Wal-Mart, H can leave for more fashionconscious consumer groups. In Asia Pacific, H burgeoning presence could pelt along by expanding to new cities, especially in China and Japan. In the latter market, new store concepts and collections or new banners such as COS and Monki could be tested. 28 Retailing Hennes & Mauritz Euromonitor International Experience more This research from Euromonitor International is part of a global strategic acquaintance system which offers a complete picture of the commercial environment . Also available from Euromonitor International Global Briefings The state of the market globally and regionally, emerging trends and pressing industry issues timely, relevant perceptiveness published every month. Global Company ProfilesThe competitive positioning and strategic direction of the leading companies including unambiguously sector-specific sales and share data. Country Market brain wave Reports The key drivers influencing the industry in each country comprehensive coverage of supply-side and demand trends and how they shape the prospective outlook. 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